2.5 Crude Oil, Fuels and Organic Chemistry Flashcards by Rowan Bailey-Lear

What are hydrocarbons

Compounds containing ONLY carbon and hydrogen atoms

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What is a hydrocarbon chain

Carbon atoms forming bonds with other carbon atoms

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Longer the hydrocarbon chain- higher or lower the boiling point

Higher

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What is crude oil

A complex mixture of hydrocarbons formed over millions of years from the remains of simple marine organisms

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How can crude oil be separated

Fractional distillation

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Temperature of the fractionating column

It has a temperature gradient- high at bottom low at top

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What happens to crude oil before it enters the fractionating column

It is boiled/vaporised

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The lower the boiling point the——in the column the compound is collected

Higher

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What are fractions

Mixtures containing hydrocarbon compounds with similar chain lengths therefore similar boiling points

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Why do larger hydrocarbon chains have higher boiling points

Molecules are held together by intermolecular forces- larger molecules, more intermolecular forces; more energy needed to overcome them in order to melt/boil

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Longer chain molecules are more or less viscous

More viscous- harder to pour

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Where in the fractionating column are small molecules found

Top

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Where in the fractionating column are large molecules found

Bottom- high b p

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What does burning hydrocarbons require and produce

Requires O2 from the air
Produces carbon dioxide and water

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Equation for burning methane in air

CH4➕2O2➡️CO2➕2H20

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Why are the shorter chain hydrocarbons better fuels

Easier to vaporise

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Economic and political issues of the oil industry

Price of oil =set by oil producing countries(poor countries who need oil have to pay going rate- not in control of their economy)
War affects oil supply, this could affect economy
Political disagreement countries can cut off others oil supply

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Social and environmental issues of the oil industry

Burning fossil fuels- increase global warming
Oil spills- cause major pollution incidents
Power Plant- eye sore /spoils countryside and habitats

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Ethanol isn’t a hydrocarbon but
What does burning ethanol in air produce

Same products as burning hydrocarbons
CO2 and water

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Burning ethanol- what happens if supply of oxygen is limited

Incomplete combustion
Forming carbon (soot) and carbon monoxide (poisonous) in addition to usual products(water and co2)

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What does the combustion of fuel containing impurities (e.g compounds of sulfur) form

Sulfur dioxide causing acid rain

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What does burning hydrogen produce
Equation

Only water
2H2➕O2➡️2H2O

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advantages of hydrogen as a fuel

Renewable
No CO2 emissions when burned

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Disadvantages of using hydrogen as a fuel

Made by reacting steam with coal/gas or passing electricity through water (electrolysis)- not carbon neutral - CO2 produced
Very flammable- dangerous

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Catalytic cracking definition

Large hydrocarbons can be broken into smaller ones

How does catalytic cracking work What is also formed

Heating heavier fractions to a high temp in the presence of a catalyst An alkene is also formed

Why is catalytic cracking done

There is a greater demand for smaller hydrocarbons Alkenes are used to make plastics

Properties of plastics

Good thermal and electrical insulator Flexible strong low density don’t rot/corrode

Formula for the chemical symbol of an ALKANE

C_nH_2n+2

Formula for the chemical symbol of an ALKENE

C_nH_2n

Alkane structure

n carbons bonded together by single bonds, H atoms wherever else possible single bonds

What are alkenes

Unsaturated hydrocarbons which have a double bond between 2 carbon atoms

Each C atom has— bonds around it (structure)

What are isomers

Molecules which have the same molecular formula but different structures and physical properties

Isomerism in alkenes

The C=C double bond is in a different position- noted by the number

What does saturated mean (alkenes/alkanes)

They have the maximum possible amount of hydrogen Contain only single bonds(so more bonds are available)

Addition reactions

2 atoms can be added **across the C=C bond in an unsaturated compound**, forming a**saturated compound** One atom is added to each of the carbon atoms

What is turned when hydrogen is added to an alkene (hydrogenation)

The corresponding alkane is formed

Testing for alkenes

Bromine water Goes from orange/brown to colourless

Br-Br ➕ H H C=C H H

H Br H-C-C-H Br H

Br2➕C2H4 Product name

BrCH2CH2Br Dibromoethane

Alkane molecules can be assembled together in large numbers to make

Polymers

What are thermoplastics

Soften when heated

What are thermosets

Resistant to heat (don’t soften when heated)

Thermoplastics made up of

Polymer chains that aren’t linked; can slide over each other

Thermosets made up of

Strong cross linkages holding polymer chains together

What are small molecules used to form polymers called

Monomers

What are addition polymers made up of

One type of monomer

What are condensation polymers made up of

2+ types of monomer

What happens to the bonds in Polymerisation

One of the bonds from the double bond breaks to allow the molecules to join another

Polypropene uses

Dishwasher safe food containers Piping Car parts Prop**ene**= pip**ing**, eng**ine** (car parts)

Polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE) uses

Teflon- non stick coating

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) uses

Pipes Door frames Insulation

Issues with plastics (disposal)

Non biodegradable Increases pressure on landfill for waste disposal

Advantages of recycling

Less plastic goes to landfill- sites can be used for longer Less oil needed for plastic production- crude oil = a finite resource; must be conserved wherever possible Less energy consumed

Naming alkanes/enes Saturated- no C=C bonds- ends in ?

Ane

Naming alkanes/enes Contains a C=C bond- ends in?

Ene

How to name the substituent groups

Ending -yl Name according to number of carbon atoms the group has 1=methyl 2=ethyl 3= propyl

What is a substituent group

groups of atoms which are attached to the central carbon chain

Add a prefix to the substituent group name to show…

How many substituent groups there are in total 2- do 3- tri etc

Alcohols formula for chemical formula

CnH2n+1OH

Where is the OH group of the alcohol name ends in 1-ol

First C atom

Where is the OH group if the alcohol name ends in 2-ol

On second C

Which alcohol is used in alcoholic drinks

Ethanol

Process of fermentation

Yeast produces ethanol from sugar in anaerobic conditions

How is the fermentation reaction catalysed

By enzymes produced by yeast

Fermentation conditions

Must be kept sterile O2 must be kept out CO2 must escape or pressure will build up

Glucose➡️carbon dioxide➕ethanol

C6H12O6➡️2CO2➕2C2H5OH

Testing for alcohols

Alcohols reacts with a solution of potassium dichromate(VI) Mixed with sulphuric acid, it turns from orange to green

What is ethanol as a fuel?

A biofuel produced using plant material

Advantages of ethanol as a fuel

Renewable as produced from plant material Emits less CO2 than petrol on burning plants take up CO2 When grown - carbon neutral Burning ethanol produces s less soot and carbon monoxide

Disadvantages for ethanol as a fuel

Fossil fuels are used in its production It’s a less efficient fuel more is needed Engines must be modified Large amounts of farmland used, not available for food+ deforestation

What can ethanol be made into - acid found in vinegar What type of acid is this What type of reaction is this Carries out in what conditions

Ethanoic acid Carboxylic acid Oxidation aerobic conditions

Test for an alkene

Add orange bromine water It will go colourless

Step 1 naming complex alkanes/alkenes

Length of parent/longest chain Are there double bonds? Yes = alkene No = alkane

Step 3 naming complex alkanes/alkenes Example

Number and type (how many carbon atoms in a) substituent group e.g. tri (3 group) methyl (they each have one carbon) hexane (longest chain is 6 carbons long)

Step 4 of naming complex alkanes/alkenes

Position of the substituent groups 2, 2, 4 if 2 are joined to second carbon and one is joined to 4th carbon 2,2,4 tri methyl hexane

Step 2 naming complex alkanes/alkenes

Numbering carbon atoms First carbon is on end nearest to a substituent group

What does the n in ((e.g.hex))-n-ene represent

Placement of the double bond (lowest number it’s attached to)

What do carboxylic acids (e.g. ethanoic acid) contain

A carboxylic group -COOH

2.5 Crude Oil, Fuels and Organic Chemistry Flashcards

(80 cards)