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Chemistry > 2.5 Crude Oil, Fuels and Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

2.5 Crude Oil, Fuels and Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hydrocarbons

A

Compounds containing ONLY carbon and hydrogen atoms

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2
Q

What is a hydrocarbon chain

A

Carbon atoms forming bonds with other carbon atoms

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3
Q

Longer the hydrocarbon chain- higher or lower the boiling point

A

Higher

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4
Q

What is crude oil

A

A complex mixture of hydrocarbons formed over millions of years from the remains of simple marine organisms

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5
Q

How can crude oil be separated

A

Fractional distillation

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6
Q

Temperature of the fractionating column

A

It has a temperature gradient- high at bottom low at top

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7
Q

What happens to crude oil before it enters the fractionating column

A

It is boiled/vaporised

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8
Q

The lower the boiling point the——in the column the compound is collected

A

Higher

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9
Q

What are fractions

A

Mixtures containing hydrocarbon compounds with similar chain lengths therefore similar boiling points

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10
Q

Why do larger hydrocarbon chains have higher boiling points

A

Molecules are held together by intermolecular forces- larger molecules, more intermolecular forces; more energy needed to overcome them in order to melt/boil

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11
Q

Longer chain molecules are more or less viscous

A

More viscous- harder to pour

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12
Q

Where in the fractionating column are small molecules found

A

Top

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13
Q

Where in the fractionating column are large molecules found

A

Bottom- high b p

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14
Q

What does burning hydrocarbons require and produce

A

Requires O2 from the air
Produces carbon dioxide and water

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15
Q

Equation for burning methane in air

A

CH4➕2O2➡️CO2➕2H20

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16
Q

Why are the shorter chain hydrocarbons better fuels

A

Easier to vaporise

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17
Q

Economic and political issues of the oil industry

A

Price of oil =set by oil producing countries(poor countries who need oil have to pay going rate- not in control of their economy)
War affects oil supply, this could affect economy
Political disagreement countries can cut off others oil supply

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18
Q

Social and environmental issues of the oil industry

A

Burning fossil fuels- increase global warming
Oil spills- cause major pollution incidents
Power Plant- eye sore /spoils countryside and habitats

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19
Q

Ethanol isn’t a hydrocarbon but
What does burning ethanol in air produce

A

Same products as burning hydrocarbons
CO2 and water

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20
Q

Burning ethanol- what happens if supply of oxygen is limited

A

Incomplete combustion
Forming carbon (soot) and carbon monoxide (poisonous) in addition to usual products(water and co2)

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21
Q

What does the combustion of fuel containing impurities (e.g compounds of sulfur) form

A

Sulfur dioxide causing acid rain

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22
Q

What does burning hydrogen produce
Equation

A

Only water
2H2➕O2➡️2H2O

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23
Q

advantages of hydrogen as a fuel

A

Renewable
No CO2 emissions when burned

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24
Q

Disadvantages of using hydrogen as a fuel

A

Made by reacting steam with coal/gas or passing electricity through water (electrolysis)- not carbon neutral - CO2 produced
Very flammable- dangerous

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25
Q

Catalytic cracking definition

A

Large hydrocarbons can be broken into smaller ones

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26
Q

How does catalytic cracking work
What is also formed

A

Heating heavier fractions to a high temp in the presence of a catalyst
An alkene is also formed

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27
Q

Why is catalytic cracking done

A

There is a greater demand for smaller hydrocarbons
Alkenes are used to make plastics

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28
Q

Properties of plastics

A

Good thermal and electrical insulator
Flexible strong low density don’t rot/corrode

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29
Q

Formula for the chemical symbol of an ALKANE

A

CnH2n+2

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30
Q

Formula for the chemical symbol of an ALKENE

A

CnH2n

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31
Q

Alkane structure

A

n carbons bonded together by single bonds, H atoms wherever else possible single bonds

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32
Q

What are alkenes

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons which have a double bond between 2 carbon atoms

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33
Q

Each C atom has— bonds around it (structure)

A

4

34
Q

What are isomers

A

Molecules which have the same molecular formula but different structures and physical properties

35
Q

Isomerism in alkenes

A

The C=C double bond is in a different position- noted by the number

36
Q

What does saturated mean (alkenes/alkanes)

A

They have the maximum possible amount of hydrogen
Contain only single bonds(so more bonds are available)

37
Q

Addition reactions

A

2 atoms can be added across the C=C bond in an unsaturated compound, forming asaturated compound
One atom is added to each of the carbon atoms

38
Q

What is turned when hydrogen is added to an alkene (hydrogenation)

A

The corresponding alkane is formed

39
Q

Testing for alkenes

A

Bromine water Goes from orange/brown to colourless

40
Q

Br-Br ➕
H H
C=C
H H

A

H Br
H-C-C-H
Br H

41
Q

Br2➕C2H4
Product name

A

BrCH2CH2Br
Dibromoethane

42
Q

Alkane molecules can be assembled together in large numbers to make

A

Polymers

43
Q

What are thermoplastics

A

Soften when heated

44
Q

What are thermosets

A

Resistant to heat (don’t soften when heated)

45
Q

Thermoplastics made up of

A

Polymer chains that aren’t linked; can slide over each other

46
Q

Thermosets made up of

A

Strong cross linkages holding polymer chains together

47
Q

What are small molecules used to form polymers called

A

Monomers

48
Q

What are addition polymers made up of

A

One type of monomer

49
Q

What are condensation polymers made up of

A

2+ types of monomer

50
Q

What happens to the bonds in Polymerisation

A

One of the bonds from the double bond breaks to allow the molecules to join another

51
Q

Polypropene uses

A

Dishwasher safe food containers
Piping
Car parts
Propene= piping, engine (car parts)

52
Q

Polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE) uses

A

Teflon- non stick coating

53
Q

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) uses

A

Pipes
Door frames
Insulation

54
Q

Issues with plastics (disposal)

A

Non biodegradable
Increases pressure on landfill for waste disposal

55
Q

Advantages of recycling

A

Less plastic goes to landfill- sites can be used for longer
Less oil needed for plastic production- crude oil = a finite resource; must be conserved wherever possible
Less energy consumed

56
Q

Naming alkanes/enes
Saturated- no C=C bonds- ends in ?

A

Ane

57
Q

Naming alkanes/enes
Contains a C=C bond- ends in?

A

Ene

58
Q

How to name the substituent groups

A

Ending -yl
Name according to number of carbon atoms the group has
1=methyl
2=ethyl
3= propyl

59
Q

What is a substituent group

A

groups of atoms which are attached to the central carbon chain

60
Q

Add a prefix to the substituent group name to show…

A

How many substituent groups there are in total
2- do 3- tri etc

61
Q

Alcohols formula for chemical formula

A

CnH2n+1OH

62
Q

Where is the OH group of the alcohol name ends in 1-ol

A

First C atom

63
Q

Where is the OH group if the alcohol name ends in 2-ol

A

On second C

64
Q

Which alcohol is used in alcoholic drinks

A

Ethanol

65
Q

Process of fermentation

A

Yeast produces ethanol from sugar in anaerobic conditions

66
Q

How is the fermentation reaction catalysed

A

By enzymes produced by yeast

67
Q

Fermentation conditions

A

Must be kept sterile O2 must be kept out CO2 must escape or pressure will build up

68
Q

Glucose➡️carbon dioxide➕ethanol

A

C6H12O6➡️2CO2➕2C2H5OH

69
Q

Testing for alcohols

A

Alcohols reacts with a solution of potassium dichromate(VI) Mixed with sulphuric acid, it turns from orange to green

70
Q

What is ethanol as a fuel?

A

A biofuel produced using plant material

71
Q

Advantages of ethanol as a fuel

A

Renewable as produced from plant material
Emits less CO2 than petrol on burning plants take up CO2 When grown - carbon neutral
Burning ethanol produces s less soot and carbon monoxide

72
Q

Disadvantages for ethanol as a fuel

A

Fossil fuels are used in its production
It’s a less efficient fuel more is needed
Engines must be modified
Large amounts of farmland used, not available for food+ deforestation

73
Q

What can ethanol be made into - acid found in vinegar
What type of acid is this
What type of reaction is this
Carries out in what conditions

A

Ethanoic acid
Carboxylic acid
Oxidation
aerobic conditions

74
Q

Test for an alkene

A

Add orange bromine water
It will go colourless

75
Q

Step 1 naming complex alkanes/alkenes

A

Length of parent/longest chain
Are there double bonds? Yes = alkene
No = alkane

76
Q

Step 3 naming complex alkanes/alkenes
Example

A

Number and type (how many carbon atoms in a) substituent group
e.g. tri (3 group) methyl (they each have one carbon) hexane (longest chain is 6 carbons long)

77
Q

Step 4 of naming complex alkanes/alkenes

A

Position of the substituent groups
2, 2, 4
if 2 are joined to second carbon and one is joined to 4th carbon
2,2,4 tri methyl hexane

78
Q

Step 2 naming complex alkanes/alkenes

A

Numbering carbon atoms
First carbon is on end nearest to a substituent group

79
Q

What does the n in ((e.g.hex))-n-ene represent

A

Placement of the double bond (lowest number it’s attached to)

80
Q

What do carboxylic acids (e.g. ethanoic acid) contain

A

A carboxylic group -COOH

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