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OCR A level Biology > 2.5 Cell division > Flashcards

2.5 Cell division Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 main phases of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells?

A
  • Interphase

- Mitotic phase

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2
Q

What are the 3 stages of interphase?

A

G1
S
G2

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3
Q

What are the 2 stages of the mitotic phase?

A
  • Mitosis

- Cytokinesis

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4
Q

How is the cell cycle controlled?

A

Checkpoints - G1 checkpoint, G2 checkpoint and spindle assembly checkpoint

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5
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
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6
Q

How many divisions does meiosis involve?

A

2 - Meiosis I and Meiosis II

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7
Q

What happens during meiosis I?

A

it is the reduction division when the pairs of homologous chromosomes are separated into 2 cells. Each intermediate cell will only contain one full set of genes instead of 2, so the cells are haploid

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8
Q

What happens during meiosis II?

A

similar to mitosis, and the pairs of chromatids present in each daughter cell are separated, forming two more cells. 4 haploid daughter cells are produced in total.

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9
Q

Name 3 examples of specialised animal cells

A
  1. Erythrocytes
  2. Neutrophils
  3. Sperm cells
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10
Q

Name 3 examples of specialised plant cells

A
  1. Palisade cells
  2. Root hair cells
  3. Guard cells
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11
Q

How are erythrocytes specialised for their function?

A
  • biconcave shape increases surface area

- flexible to squeeze through capillaries

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12
Q

How are neutrophils specialised for their function?

A
  • multi-lobed nucleus makes it easier to squeeze through small gaps to reach infection site
  • granular cytoplasm contain many lysosomes
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13
Q

How are sperm cells specialised for their function?

A
  • flagellum for swimming
  • contain many mitochondria to supply energy required
  • acrosome contains digestive enzymes to digest protective layers around the ovum
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14
Q

How are palisade cells specialised for their function?

A
  • absorb light for photosynthesis
  • in a rectangular box shape which can be closely packed to form a continuous layer
  • thin cell walls to increase rate of CO2 diffusion
  • large vacuole to maintain turgor pressure
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15
Q

How are root hair cells specialised for their function?

A
  • long extensions (root hairs) to increase surface area which maximises water uptake from the soil
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16
Q

How are guard cells specialised for they function?

A
  • cell wall is thicker on one side so the cell does not change symmetrically as volume changes
17
Q

Name 4 examples of specialised animal tissues

A
  1. squamous epithelium
  2. ciliated epithelium
  3. cartilage
  4. muscle
18
Q

Name the 4 main categories of tissues in animals

A
  • nervous tissue
  • epithelial tissue
  • muscle tissue
  • connective tissue
19
Q

How is squamous epithelium specialised for its function?

A
  • thin due to flat cells, only 1 cell thick

- it is present when rapid diffusion across a surface is essential e.g. forms the lining of the lungs

20
Q

How is ciliated epithelium specialised for its function?

A
  • cilia on the surface that move in rhythmic manner to sweep away mucus
  • goblet cells release mucus to trap any unwanted particles
  • lines the trachea
21
Q

How is cartilage specialised for its function?

A
  • connective tissue found in outer ear and nose
  • contains fibres of collagen and elastin
  • chondrocyte cells embedded in an extracellular matrix making it firm and flexible
22
Q

How is muscle specialised for its function?

A
  • different types of muscle fibres e.g. skeletal muscle fibres contain myofibrils which contain contractile proteins allowing movement
23
Q

Name 3 examples of specialised plant tissues

A
  • epidermis
  • xylem tissue
  • phloem tissue
24
Q

How is the epidermis specialised for its function?

A
  • closely packed cells covering the surface of plants
  • usually covered by a waxy, waterproof cuticle to reduce water loss
  • stomata are present which allows CO2, O2 and water vapour in and out
25
Q

How is xylem tissue specialised for its function?

A
  • composed of vessel element (elongated dead cells)

- walls are strengthened by lignin which provides structural support

26
Q

How is phloem tissue specialised for its function?

A
  • composed of columns of sieve tube cells separated by perforated walls called sieve plates allowing transport of nutrients to all parts of the plant
27
Q

What is an organ?

A

A collection of tissues that are adapted to perform a specific function

28
Q

What are the 3 types of potency in stem cells?

A
  1. Totipotent
  2. Pluripotent
  3. Multipotent
29
Q

What is differentiation?

A

the process of a cell becoming specialised

30
Q

Name 2 sources of animal stem cells

A
  1. Embryonic stem cells

2. Tissue stem cells e.g. in bone marrow

31
Q

Name the source of plant stem cells

A

meristems

32
Q

Name 3 diseases that stem cells have the potential to treat

A
  1. Heart disease
  2. Type 1 diabetes
  3. Parkinson’s disease
33
Q

Name 3 areas that stem cells are already used

A
  1. burn treatment
  2. drug trials
  3. developmental biology

OCR A level Biology (8 decks)

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