2.5 Arthropod-Vector Borne Infectious Diseases Flashcards
What are the bacterial arthropod-vector borne diseases?
- borrelia burgdorferi
- bartonellosis
- haemotropic mycoplasma
- rickettsial diseases (anaplasma, erlichia, rickettsia)
What are the protozoal arthropod-vetcor borne diseases?
- piroplasms
- leishmania
- hepatozoon
What are the “specific other” arthropod-vector borne infectious diseases?
- dirofilariasis (Dirofilaria immitis)
- D. repens
- equine infectious anemia
- bluetongue
- louping ill
- west nile virus
- schmallenberg
What are the main clinical features of Borellia burgdorferi?
- gram negative bacteria
- transmitted by I. ricinus
- dogs, horses, cattle
- diagnose: serology (4DX / Accuplex4)
- treat: doxycycline 28 days
causes Lyme disease (borreliosis)
- waxing and waning CS: fever, inappetance, lymphadenomegaly, shifting lameness, thrombocytopenia (IMTP possibe), protein loosing nephropathy
ZOONOTIC
What are the main clinical features of Bartonellosis?
- gram negative bacteria
- transmitted by fleas, lice, ticks
- dogs, cats
causes bartonellosis (cat scratch disease)
- CS: subclinical, but may rarely display endocarditis, neuro signs, lymphadeno/splenopathy
ZOONOTIC
What are the main clinical features of Haemotropic mycoplasma?
- small, cell wall-deficient bacteria
- transmitted by fleas and ticks / fights (blood)
- cats, dogs, farm animals
- diagnose: PCR +/- blood smear
- treat: docycycline 2-8 weeks
causes hemolytic anemia
- CS: pallor, lethargy, pyrexia, jaundice
- can wax and wane
- organisms reside on RBC surface (exept M. suis) → induce immune response
NOT ZOONOTIC
What are the main clinical features of Rickettsial diseases?
- obligate intracellular gram negative bacteria
- transmitted by fleas, ticks, lice, flukes (neorickettsia)
- dog, cat, large animals
- diagnose: bloodsmear (visualize morulae), PCR
- treat: doxycycline 2-4 weeks
split into:
(1) ANAPLASMA
- A. phagocytophilum (mammalian neutrophils)
- A. platys (dog platelets)
- A. marginale + centrale (cattle RBC)
- A. ovis (small ruminant RBC)
(2) ERLICHIA
- E. canis (dog/cat monocytic erlichiosis)
- E. chaffeensis (dog/human mono. erlichiosis)
(3) RICKETSIA
- R. conorii (human mediterranian spotted fever)
- R. rickettsia (canine mountian spotted fever
ZOONOTIC
What are the main clinical features of Piroplasms?
- “pear” shaped protozoa
- transmitted by ticks
- dogs, cats, cattle, other
- diagnose: blood smear, PCR, serology
- treat: imidocarb dipropionate, diminazene aceturate, azithromycin + atovaquone
B. canis most common: causes canine babesiosis
- CS: anemia - regenrative +/- spherocytosis and agglutination, weakness, lethargy, shock, DIC, hypoxia, death, petechia, other
- spread by D. recitulatus
B. divergens: causes redwater fever in cattle
- severe disease in humans
ZOONOTIC
piroplasms also include theileria: only in horse, llama, and cattle
What are the main clinical featurs of Leishmania?
- protozoa
- transmitted by sand fly, venerial, skin wounds
- dogs, cats, rodents
- diagnose: visualization of amastigotes in macrophages, ELISA serology, PCR
- treat: allopurinol (care: xanthine stones), leishmanicide, domperidon
mostly L infantum: causes canine leishmaniosis
- promastigotes -> anamastigotes in macroophages
- CS: skin problems (especially around the head and pressure points), lymphadenomegaly, nose bleeds and vomiting, diarrhoea, and more
ZOONOTIC
What are the main clinical features of Hepatozoon?
- apicomplexan protozoa
- transmitted by INGESTION of a tick
- dog/cat/LA, birds, reptiles, amphibians
- diagnose: blood smear (gamots in WBS), histopath (mernots in tissue/muscle), PCR
- treat: imidocarb dipropionate, but no proper protocols - full elimination rare
H. canis + H. americanum (dog), H. felis (cat) most common: all cause hepatozoonosis
- CS: mainly subclinical but can be severe anemia, fever, hemorrhagic diarrhea, increased CK and AP
NOT ZOONOTIC
What are the main clinical features of Dirofilaria?
- filarial nematode
- transmitted by mosquitoes
- dogs, cats, ferrets
- diagnosis: antigen testing (>5 months of infection only), blood visualization of microfilaria, PCR, US (worms in heart)
- treat: doxycycline (for rickettsial), macrocytic lactones (for microfilaria), melasormine (for adults), surgery (if caval syndroms)
D. immitis causes heartworm disease
- wolbachia = symbiotic rickettsial bateria on D. immitis
- CS: exercise intolerance, cough, dyspnoea, edema, congestive heart failure
- caval syndrome: advanced heartworm disease - worms migrate to R. heart and vena cava, interfere with closure of the tricuspid valve
D. repens: subcutaneous form mostly asymptomatic, treat with topical moxidectin
What are the main clinical features of equine infectious anemia?
- lentivirus
- tranmitted by biting flies, mosquitoes, blood, semen, milk
- horses
- diagnosis: Coggins test (AGID)
- treat: cull, quarenting other horses
CS: fever, IMHA, IMTP, edema, death
NOTIFIABLE
What are the main clinical features of bluetongue?
- orbivirus
- transitted by culicoides
- ruminant
- diagnosis: serology, PCR
- treat: cull or supportive
CS: cattle mainly asymptomatic, sheep have high mortality rate: cyanosis, fever, ulceration of mm, lameness
NOTIFIABLE (UK is bluetongue free)
NOT ZOONOTIC
What are the main clinical features of louping ill?
- flavivirus
- transmitted by ticks, milk, needles
- sheep, other ruminants, horses, pigs, dogs, grouse
- diagnose: not given
- treat: no treatment
CS: meningioencephalomyelitis - fever, ataxia, paralysis, coma, death
NOTIFIABLE
ZOONOTIC
What are the main clinical features of west nile virus?
- flavivirus
- transmitted by mosquitoes, blood contact
- birds, horses, rarely dogs
- diagnose: none given
- treat/prevent: equine vaccine
CS: subclincial but can lead to fever, encephalomyelitis, and death
ZOONOTIC
What are the main clinical features of Schmallenberg?
- orthobunyavairus
- transmitted by culicoides
- ruminants, camelids
- diagnose: PCR (first 3 days) or paired serology (3 weeks apart)
- treat: none yet
CS: fever, diarrhea, neural and skeletal malformations (in newborn), stillbirths, abortions, etc.
NOT ZOONOTIC
