2.5

Question 1

wind speed (terrestial)

Answer 1

anemometer

Question 2

light (terrestial)

Answer 2

lightmeter

Question 3

flow velocity (freshwater ecosystems)

Answer 3

flow velocity is the speed at which the water is moving anf it determines which species can live in a certain area, it varies with; time, depth, position
flowmeter
impellers
floats

Question 4

turbidity (freshwater ecosystems)

Answer 4

secchi disc
turbidity- the cloudiness of a body of fresh water
high turbidity- cloudy water
low turbidity - clear water

Question 5

pH (freshwater ecosystems)

Answer 5

pH meter

datalogging pH probe

Question 6

rainfall (terrestial)

Answer 6

rain gauge

check every 24h and record

Question 7

soil (terrestial)

Answer 7

texture (particle size)
soil moisture
organic content
mineral and oH

Question 8

quadrat sampling

Answer 8

map out study area and divided into squares

use random number generator to identify which squares to sample

Question 9

transect

Answer 9

a transect is a sample path along which you record the occurrence and distribution of plants and animals in a particular study area
line transect
belt transect - two parallel line transects

Question 10

salinity (marine ecosystems)

Answer 10

salinity is the concentration of salts expressed in %

can be determined by measuring the electrical conductivity or the density of the water

Question 11

dissolved oxygen (marine)

Answer 11

is affected by temperature and water pollution

measured by using an oxygen-selective electrode connected to an electronic meter

Question 12

wave action (marine)

Answer 12

in coastal zones

high wave activity means high levels of dissolved oxygen, e.g coral reefs

Question 13

catching small motile animals, terrestial ecosystems

Answer 13

1. pitfall traps
2. sweep nets
3. tree beating

Question 14

catching small motile animals, aquatic ecosystems

Answer 14

kick sampling

Question 15

measuring abunance

Answer 15

density
frequency
percentage cover

Question 16

lincoln index

Answer 16

used to measure the population size of animals which move about or do not appear during the day
Method
capture individuals and mark them, then release and let time pass so they can mix
then take a second sample and count how many of the captured organisms are marked
at least 05 of the marked species should be recaptured for the estimate to be fairly accurate

Question 17

assumptionsin lincoln index

Answer 17

mixing is complete
marks do not disappear
marks are not harmful or increase predation by making the individual more easily seen
it is equally easy to catch every individual
no immigration, emigration, births or deaths between the times of sampling
trapping the organisms does not affect the chances of being trapped a second time

Question 18

lincoln index formulae

Answer 18

m2/n2 = n1/N
or
N= (n1 x n2)/ m2
where
n1 -number of animals first marked and released
n2 - number of animals captured in the second sample
m2 - number of marked animals the second sample
N - lincoln index or total population

Question 19

Simpsons diversity index

Answer 19

D = N(N-1) / Sum of n(n-1)

D- Simpsons diversity index
N - total number of organisms of all species found
n - number of individuals of a particular species