2.4 Tourism

Question 1

Changes in tourism

Answer 1

• 1950 just 25m mainly from europe
• Asian and Pacific risen rapidly and caught up - roughly 500m ayear and americas 200m from 200s
• Middle east and Africa roughly 100m a year
• Total number grown from 25m to 200m in 1980 to 1bn in 2010
• Europe 700m, Americas 300m, Asia 350m

Question 2

Reasons for growth in tourism

Answer 2

Economic:

• Lower transport costs
• Development and investment
• Communications - social media, agents
• Rising middle class - asian tigers, high disposable incomes, MEDCs, cheaper, reduced obstacles
• More retired people
• Budget airlines
• Technological advancements
• Migration
• Better relations, less war
• EU free travel
• Post cold war iron curtain
• Online travel agents, more time
• TNCs involved in industry - easy to book, package deals
• Ageing population - retired and time

Question 3

Environmental impacts of tourism:

Answer 3

Environment:

• Visual pollution
• Congestion
• Litter
• Air pollution
• Carbon footprint
• Over carrying capacity
• Destruction of species
• Coral bleaching
• Damage to wildlife
• Water pollution

Could be used to preserve environment and resources put profit into sustainability

Question 4

Social impacts of tourism

Answer 4

Dilutes cultures

• Overcrowding
• Crime rates
• Population
• Fall in housing stock, rising prices
• Seasonal unemployment
• Noise/overcrowding pollution
• Local resentment
• Antisocial behaviour - resentment and conflict
• Change in services to cater - loss of culture
• Higher inequality

Question 5

Economic impacts of tourism

Answer 5

• Rising wages
• Multiplier effect
• Ancillary industries enter
• Job opportunities
• Regional inequality
• Brain drain
• Economic leakage
• Repatriated back to origin
• Costs start to rise, difficult for poorer in areas
• Demand unreliable if disasters/terrorism, exchange rate, political stability
• Investment back into areas, multiplier effect
• Tax revenues rise so investment, economic take off - may be possible losses due to repatriation and leakages from migrants sending money back home

Question 6

Butler model

Answer 6

1. Exploration - destination relatively unknown with few tourists, gets discovered and people start to hear about it and word gets around about it
2. Involvement - services, shops, cafes, htoels start to open - people going there enough to profit - tourists accepted by locals who are involved in industry
3. Development - tourist arrivals grow rapidly - becomes major industry - TNCs and firms become involved and take control - package tours, traction adn people visit, hotels open, roads busier
4. Consolidation - tourism well established, areas reserved for tourism, local people employed in tourism, ongestion
5. Stagnation - carrying capacity, fewer tourists arrive, strong local resentment, impact of tourists, overcrowding and people stop going - locals feel ignored
6. Rejuvenation - more money into resort, regenerates old services - people return, new jobs made, new tourists - modernization increases carrying capacity and stabilises area

(6?) Decline due to congestion and unsustainable development - old features no longer exist and people stop going - law of diminishing retursn

Question 7

Sitges

Answer 7

1. Discovery in 19th century - intellectuals and artists + railway, people came from barcelona
2. Growth - international tourism and package holidays in 60s brought people outside spain, built hotels, restaurants and shops opened to cater
3. economy growed, migration into sitges - 63% of migrants european and 30% latin america
   150 clothes shops, 175 restaurants - high status and serve area
4. Stagnation many options available to tourists, spain market big, small settlement, surplus of beds
5. Invested in infrastructure to make town accessable and diversify from reliance on tourism - 8,700 beds to be more fully utilised - still favourable for artists, close to Barcelona Airport and low cost airlines made beneficial

Question 8

Issues with mass tourism

Answer 8

• Carbon emissions
• Transport
• Pollution
• Deforestation
• Over carrying capacity
• Invasive species, erosion and destruction of biodiversity
• Dilution of cultures
• Overcrowindg
• Economic leakage
• Inflation
• Dependence
• Disease
• Division and inequality

Question 9

Ecotourism

Answer 9

Responsible travel to natural areas to conserve environment and sustain well being of locals - implements education.
-Green tourism - limited effect on locals, usually in remote areas - controlled within areas and development plans - increasingly popular due to issues from mass tourism

Example is Galapagos - large plastic pollution off coast of Ecuador

• Need state sanctioned naturalist
• 70% plants endemic - 1,300 species
• Cannot stray off island paths

Question 10

Criticisms of ecotourism

Answer 10

• Worker exploitation
• Low wages to locals
• Greenwashing - not as beneficial
• Scale far too low
• Low profits
• Less visible as costly
• Cultural dilution and exploitation
• Flights counteract idea

Question 11

What is adventure tourism?

Answer 11

• Out of comfort zones
• Remote, exotic and hostile areas
• Western people want to explore East Asian cultures, growth of paragliding, kite surfing, hiking and mountain climbing, better transport links to areas
• Social meia awareness
• Rising disposable incomes
• Mainly youngmiddle class unmarried men, gap years

Mountainous areas - Albania, Serbia, Romania

Tropical asian - India, Nepal, Morocco and Peru

Question 12

What is extreme tourism?

Answer 12

• More dangerous areas and activities
• Rock climbing, paragliding, white water rafting
• Includes deserts, rainforests, caves and icy areas
• Growing fast as little investment needed to set it up as you go for rough experience and mainly mountainous
• Rise of wealthy individuals willing to do it
• Target unmarried middle class white folk
• Not large tarket audience

Peru, Chile, Pakistan - mountain deserts and caves or icy areas.