2.4 Drugs In Sport

Question 1

Amphetamines in sports

Answer 1

• evidence indicates amphetamines increase both endurance and speed in some individuals
• due to amphetamines mask in pain or fatigue Felt by the athletes

Question 2

Amphetamines and endurance

Answer 2

• Measured on exercise bicycle, duration of performance was extended by 40% 10 mg of methamphetamine was administered
• as athletes were nearing exhaustion, 10 mg Of methamphetamine allowed them to continue

Question 3

Amphetamines and Speed

Answer 3

-when given amphetamines, 14 out of 15 swimmers were faster, 73% of runners improved their times

Question 4

Amphetamines and magnitude of affect

Answer 4

-although small increase in performance, a 2% increase In an elite athlete at the peak of training may move the athlete from sixth or 10th position to the gold medal

Question 5

Toxicity of amphetamines in sports

Answer 5

• large doses can lead to a fatal increase in blood pressure
• As drug wears off, user experiences a low or crashes
• Amphetamines also produce dependence, intolerance to the drug developed quickly

Question 6

Anabolic steroids

Answer 6

• most commonly used band drugs in sports
• used by athletes to increase muscle mass and strength in a large variety of sports, including football, weightlifting, running and gymnastics
• compounds that have reduced androgenic effects(effects on secondary male sex characteristics), but maintain the anabolic effects (building of muscle mass)
• Testosterone, the male sex hormone, has both properties

Question 7

Three potential mechanisms of anabolic steroids

Answer 7

1. They produce an anti-catabolic response. Athletes can train so hard that they use proteins from their muscles to fuel their training. This action is blocked by the anabolic steroids.
2. Anabolic effects of the drug results in protein production. responses may be more important or have greater effects at the high doses used by athletes. Proteins above meditation is important.
3. Motivational responses contribute to the overall effect. Anabiotic steroids can produce aggressive behaviour called Roid rage. Beneficial for most sports especially football

Question 8

Effects of anabolic steroids in males

Answer 8

• Low to moderate doses have modest effects on the average adult
• athlete at peak of training, large doses in combination with a diet high in protein you had significant increases in lean body mass, body weight, and strength
• Aggressive behaviour induced by the anabolic steroids contributed to their performance enhancement affects

Question 9

Effects of anabolic steroids in females

Answer 9

• less than males, but females should have the same, if not greater, effects on performance
• androgenic effects are reduced, but still produce some effects such as
• increase in facial and body hair
• lower voice
• enlarged clitoris an increased libido
• Amenorrhea
• Coursera skins, acne
• Increased aggression
• Effects may or may not be reversible upon cessation of the drug

Question 10

Toxicity of anabolic steroids

Answer 10

• reduce testosterone levels- steroid block the release of gonadotropin releasing hormone, leading to a reduction in Testosterone levels and sperm production. Can lead to infertility, reduced libido, and impotence
• altered liver functions-associated with an altered liver function, such as hepatitis, liver failure, and liver cancer
• mood swings
• cardiovascular disease -increase plasma levels of low density lipoprotein’s (bad cholesterol) and decrease the levels of high density lipoprotein’s
• Severe acne

Question 11

Benzodiazepines

Answer 11

-Drug such as Valium are used to reduce anxiety during competition. Drugs are reported to be taken by ski jumpers. They calm the nerves before the jump

Question 12

Growth hormone and other growth factors

Answer 12

• human growth hormone will increase muscle mass and intern strength
• not as effective as anabolic steroids, but if used appropriate, gives a good response
• May enhance tissue repair
• not easily detected, as it is cleared rapidly by the body
• newer techniques are better at detecting this drug

Question 13

Blood doping and Erythroproietin

Answer 13

-both used for performance enhancement and sport

Question 14

What is blood doping

Answer 14

-Three infusion of the athletes on red blood cells before a performance

Question 15

What is Erythropoietin

Answer 15

-The hormone that increases the amount of red blood cells produced by the body

Question 16

Similarities

Answer 16

• both techniques result in an increase in the number of red blood cells, both increase the oxygen carrying capacity to the blood
• Inappropriate use of erythropoietin words derivatives can result in thrombotic events ( stroke and heart attack)

Question 17

Methods of detection

Answer 17

• erythropoietin use can be detected by determining whether the volume percentage of red blood cells in the blood are above normal
• blood doping can be detected by measuring the age of the red blood cells

Question 18

Diuretics

Answer 18

• drugs that enhance the excretion of salt and water through the kidneys
• used to reduce body water to allow the athlete to compete at a lower weight class in wrestling, weightlifting, and other sports with weight classes
• Also take to hasten the excretion by the kidneys of other band drugs in attempt to avoid detection
• Toxicities are those associated with excess electrolyte and water depletion so blood pressure drop and heart and kidney failure

Question 19

Why band performance enhancing drugs

Answer 19

• at least 192 substances are banned in athletic competitions
• athletes need to be protected
• Drugs do not provide a level playing field, but an unfair advantage