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Pharmacology > 1.1 History of drugs > Flashcards

1.1 History of drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Drugs

A

Substance received by a biological system that is not received for nutritional purposes, and which influences the biological function of the organism. Means that chemicals, biological agents, and herbal products are all considered drugs.

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2
Q

Pharmacology

A

The science of drugs, including their uses, effects and modes of action

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3
Q

History - ancient China

A
  • Earliest records of drugs from China
  • Emperor Shen Nung classified all drugs according to taste.
  • drug “Ma Huang” classified as medium drug widely used in Chinese medicine for coughs, influenza, and fevers.
  • modern era, ephedrine isolated from Ma Huang
  • Ephedrine has been used to treat asthma, and a derivative of ephedrine is used as a decongestant
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4
Q

History- Ancient Egypt

A
  • recorded on documents called papyri.
  • discovered one of these papyri, the Ebers Papyrus, was intended to be a textbook for drug use for medical students
  • scholars shown that this papyrus contains many true observations on the use of drugs, particularly on purgatives, which are drugs used to cause bowel movements.
  • one of drugs recommended for sue was senna.
    Products containing senna still used today
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5
Q

History - Ancient Greece

A
  • Theophrastus wrote a textbook on therapeutics including opium
  • opium is obtained from the opium poppy
  • a pharmacist isolated crystals or morphine from opium and tested the pure substance on himself and three companions
  • opium found to contain 10% morphine
  • named morphine from Morpheus, god of dreams
  • relive pain of great intensity.
  • aspirin and Tylenol only mild to moderate pain
  • opium contains 0.5% codiene
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6
Q

Influence of religion

A
  • in ancient societies men acted as both physicians and priests, therapy heavily influenced by religion and magic
  • plants containing intoxicating substances were used by men in order to alter the state of consciousness and facilitate communication with their god
  • in Mexico, peyote cactus was widely used to achieve mystical state
  • contains mescaline, which causes hallucinations, a feeling of well being and distortion of perception similar to that experienced with LSD
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7
Q

Influence of poisons

A

“All substances are poisons. There is none which is not poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy.”

  • use of poisons in ancient times result in discoveries of drugs used today
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8
Q

Curare as a poison

A

-indigenous ppl of the Amazon dipped their arrows in curate. Poison acted upon voluntary muscles of animals causing paralysis and death

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9
Q

Curare as a drug

A
  • curare was hard by anesthetist during surgery
  • small dose of curare, muscle relaxation achieved, greatly facilitating the surgeons work
  • structure has been modified to be safer newer versions used today
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10
Q

Ergot

A
  • poisonous fungus that grows on the heads of rye, during wet seasons
  • old days mixed with rye to make bread caused pandemic killed 20,000 ppl in Russia
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11
Q

Ergot poisoning

A
  • ppl suffering experienced mental frenzy, hallucinations, and convulsions
  • constriction of blood vessels that led to fingers, toes and limbs becoming starved of blood supple causing burning sensation. Limbs became black and died sometimes fell off
  • caused violent contractions of the uterus, old days midwives used it to help in labour, but if not used right can cause death
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12
Q

Ergot as a drug

A

Synthesis of LSD based on the structure of ergot alkaloids

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13
Q

Ergotamine

A
  • treats migraines
  • migraines caused by pulsation of the arterial blood vessels that carry blood to the head
  • ergotamine constricts vessels reducing amplitude of pulsing
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14
Q

Ergonovine

A
  • no longer used in birth as force of contractions too strong and mom injured cuz delivery too quick
  • still used in practice of obstetrics to arrest uterine bleeding after childbirth
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15
Q

Compounds found in ancient tablets in boat

A

Zinc oxide used in number of creams today diaper rash and calamine and used in old days in therapy

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16
Q

Drugs acting on brain- Reserpine

A
  • extracted from rauwolfia plant and studied in animals and patients
  • when given in aggressive patients animals become placid
17
Q

Drugs on the brain- Chlorpromazine

A
  • management of mental ill patients, as determining correct dose of reserpine difficult
  • obtained from synthesis procedures
  • converts the anxious, tense, and hostile person into someone who is placid and tranquil
  • both had large social benefits on mental heath patients
18
Q

Drugs on the brain - Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)

A
  • Albert Hoffman synthesized a lsd similar in chemical structure to ergotamine and ergonovine
  • supported the idea that mental illness might be due to the production of potent substances in the brain that could produce psychic disturbance
19
Q

Drugs acting on the brain - Anaesthetic - NITROUS OXIDE

A
  • a chemist lecturer gave nitrous oxide then known as laughing gas to man in audience
  • dentist watched
  • volunteer became very belligerent and began fighting with several members of audience
  • during fight gashed his leg severely however noticed no pain and contend
  • dentist so impressed used it in extracting teeth and found it highly useful
20
Q

Drugs on the brain- Anaesthetic- ETHER

A
  • similar properties to nitrous oxide
  • dentist assistant practiced on himself and a variety of animals
  • requested permission to try in surgical operation
  • complete success
21
Q

Drugs acting against infectious diseases - 1900s ORGANOARSENICALS

A
  • Paul Ehrlich designed complex of arsenic and organic molecules, selectively bound to parasites
  • led to cure for syphilis
  • dubbed the father of chemotherapy
22
Q

Drugs acting against infectious diseases - 1930s SULFA DRUGS

A
  • gerhard domagk introduced in Germany

- first success for treatment of bacterial disease and hence are termed antibacterial compounds

23
Q

Drugs acting against infectious diseases - 1940s PENICILLIN

A
  • Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic penicillin
  • introduced modern era during 2nd war
  • use was in therapy of gram positive bacterial disease
24
Q

Drugs acting against infectious diseases - 1950s STREPTOMYCIN

A
  • Selman Waksman discovered this new antibiotic

- turned to treatment of tuberculosis and gram negative bacterial diseases

Pharmacology (11 decks)

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