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Biological Molecules > 2.4 carbohydrates > Flashcards

2.4 carbohydrates Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

The hydrate part of the name carbohydrate refers to

A

Water, because the hydrogen and oxygen atoms are present in the ratio of 2:1

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2
Q

The general formula for a carbohydrate can be written as

A

Cx(H2O)y

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3
Q

What are the three main groups that carbohydrate is divided into?

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharide

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4
Q

What does saccharide mean?

A

Sugar or sweet substance

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5
Q

How do monosaccharides behave in water?

A

Dissolve easily in water to form sweet tasting solution

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6
Q

Monosaccharide is made of

A

A single sugar molecule

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7
Q

Monosaccharide can be classified according to

A

The number of carbon atoms in each molecule

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8
Q

The main types of monosaccharides are

A

trioses(3 carbon molecules), pentoses(5 carbon molecules) and hexoses(6 carbon molecules)

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9
Q

The main types of monosaccharides are

A

trioses(3 carbon molecules), pentoses(5 carbon molecules) and hexoses(6 carbon molecules)

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10
Q

Common hexoses are

A

Glucose fructose and galactose

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11
Q

Common hexoses are

A

Glucose fructose and galactose

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12
Q

What are common pentoses?

A

Ribose and deoxyribose

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13
Q

The structure of pentoses and hexoses is that the chain of carbon atoms is long enough to

A

Close up on itself to form a more stable ring structure

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14
Q

When glucose forms ring structure, carbon atom number one joins to

A

Oxygen on carbon atom number five

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15
Q

What is known as alpha glucose?

A

The form of glucose where hydroxyl group is below the ring at carbon atom one

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16
Q

What is beta glucose?

A

The form of ring where hydroxyl group and carbon atom one is about the ring

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17
Q

What is an isomer

A

Two forms of the same chemical

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18
Q

What are the two functions of monosaccharides?

A

They are commonly used as a source of energy in respiration
Monosaccharides are important as building blocks for larger molecules

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19
Q

What is monosaccharide commonly used as a source of energy and respiration?

A

Because it has large number of carbon – hydrogen bonds. These bonds can be broken down to release a lot of energy, which is transferred to help make ATP(adenosine triphosphate) from ADP plus phosphate during the process of respiration

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20
Q

The most important monosaccharide in energy metabolism is

A

Glucose

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21
Q

Give examples of monosaccharides and the larger molecules they form

A

Glucose is used to make the polysaccharides starch, glycogen, and cellulose
Ribose is used to make RNA and ATP
Deoxyribose is used to make DNA

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22
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Sugar molecule, consisting of two monosaccharides joint together by a glycosidic bond

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23
Q

The three most common disaccharides are

A

Maltose(glucose + glucose)
Sucrose(glucose+fructose)
Lactose(glucose+galactose)

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24
Q

What is the transport sugar in plants?

A

Sucrose

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25
Q

Lectures is the sugar found in

A

Milk

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26
Q

How does condensation reaction take place?

A

For each condensation reaction two hydroxyl group lineup alongside each other. One combines with a hydrogen atom from the other to form a water molecule. This allows an oxygen bridge to form between the two molecules which holds them together. This bridge is called a glycosidic bond.

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27
Q

When does the addition of water for hydrolysis take place?

A

During the digestion of disaccharides and polysaccharides when they’re broken down to monosaccharides

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28
Q

What is a glucosidic bond?

A

A C-O-C link between two sugar molecules formed by condensation reaction

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29
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Polymer whose subunits are monosaccharides joined together by glycolisidic bonds

30
Q

What are the most important polysaccharides?

A

Starch, glycogen, and cellulose

31
Q

Polysaccharides are not

A

Sugar

32
Q

What is the main source of energy for cells?

A

Glucose

33
Q

Why can glucose not be stored in the form that it is?

A

It would dissolve and make the contents of the cell too concentrated. This would seriously affect the osmotic properties of the cell.
Glucose is also very reactive and would interfere with normal self chemistry

34
Q

The storage polysaccharide is

A

Convenient, compact and inert and insoluble molecule

35
Q

The storage polysaccharide is

A

Convenient, compact and inert and insoluble molecule

36
Q

The storage polysaccharide in plants is

A

Starch

37
Q

The storage polysaccharide in plants is

A

Starch

38
Q

The storage polysaccharide in animals is

A

Glycogen

39
Q

The storage polysaccharide in animals is

A

Glycogen

40
Q

What happens to the storage polysaccharide when glucose is needed?

A

Glucose is quickly made available by enzyme controlled hydrolysis reactions

41
Q

Starch is a mixture of twi substances which are

A

Amylose and amylopectin

42
Q

How is amylose made?

A

By condensations between Alpha glucose molecules. In this way along unbranching chain of several thousand 1.4 linked glucose molecules is built up. The chains are curved and coil up into heal structures leg springs so the final molecule is compact

43
Q

What is amylopectin?

A

Amylopectin is also made of many 1,4 linked alpha glucose molecules, but the chains are shorter than in amylose and they also contain 1,6 linkages. These start branches out to the side of the chain.

44
Q

Mixtures of amylose and amylopectin build upto relatively large

A

Starch grains

45
Q

Where are starch grains commonly found?

A

In chloroplast and in storage organs such as potato tubers and the seeds of cereals and legumes.

46
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Polysaccharide made of many glucose molecules linked together that acts as a glucose store and liver and muscle cells

47
Q

Search grains are easily seen

A

With a light microscope, especially if stained

48
Q

What is a quick method to prepare specimen for viewing starch grains?

A

Rubbing a freshly cut potato tuber on a glass slide and staining with iodine potassium iodide solution.

49
Q

Glycogen is made of

A

Chains of 1,4 linked alpha glucose with 1,6 linkages making branch points

50
Q

Glycogen molecules clump together to form

A

Granules which are visible in liver cells and muscle cells where they form an energy reserve

51
Q

What is cellulose?

A

A polysaccharide made from beta glucose sub units; used as strengthening materials in plant cell walls

52
Q

Why is glucose the most abundant organic molecule on the planet?

A

Do it to its presence in plant cell walls and its slow rate of breakdown in nature

53
Q

Why is cellulose such a strong molecule?

A

The hydroxyl group on carbon atom one projects above the ring in the beta glucose. in order to form a glycosidic bond with carbon atom 4, where the hydroxyl group is below the ring, One glucose molecule must be upside down(rotated 180) relative to each other. This arrangement of better glucose molecules result in a strong molecule because the hydrogen atoms of hydroxy cell groups weekly attracted to oxygen atoms in the same cellulose molecules and also to oxygen atoms of hydroxyl groups in neighboring molecules. These hydrogen bonds individually weak, but there is so many of them that collectively provide our strength.

54
Q

What is microfibrils?

A

Between 60 and 70 cellulose molecules become tightly cross linked by hydrogen bonding to form bundles called microfibrils

55
Q

How are microfibrils held together together?

A

By hydrogen bonding in bundles called fibers

56
Q

How are the fibers arranged in cell wall?

A

Cell wall typically has several layers of fibers running in different directions to increase strength

57
Q

Cellulose makes up about _______ the average cell wall

A

20-40%

58
Q

How do other molecules help in strengthening cell wall?

A

They help to cross link the cellulose fibers and some from a glue like matrix around the fibers which further increases strength

59
Q

How do other molecules help in strengthening cell wall?

A

They help to cross link the cellulose fibers and some from a glue like matrix around the fibers which further increases strength

60
Q

Cellulose fibers have very high _____ strength

A

Tensile

61
Q

Cellulose fibers have very high _____ strength

A

Tensile

62
Q

The high tensile strength of the cellulose fibers make it possible for a cell

A

To withstand the large pressures that develop within it as a result of osmosis

63
Q

What is the benefit of high-pressure in plants?

A

They help provide support for the plant by making tissues, rigid, and are responsible for cell expansion during growth

64
Q

What determines the shape of the cell as it grows?

A

The arrangement of fibers around the cell

65
Q

What determines the shape of the cell as it grows?

A

The arrangement of fibers around the cell

66
Q

The hydrogen bond is traditionally shown as

A

A dotted or dashed line

67
Q

When do dipoles particularly occur?

A

When there is an -OH, -CO or -NH group. Hydrogen bonds can form with these groups

68
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Relatively weak bond formed by the traction between a group with a small positive charge on a hydrogen atom and another group carrying a small negative charge

69
Q

Why are hydrogen bonds formed?

A

Because the negatively charged part of one group is attracted to the positively charged part of another another

70
Q

Molecules that have groups with dipole such as sugars are said to be

A

Polar

71
Q

Polar molecules are

A

Hydrophilic

72
Q

Non-polar molecules are not attracted to the water and our said to be

A

Hydrophobic

Biological Molecules (6 decks)

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