2.4 Adaptations For Nutrition

Question 1

Absorption

Answer 1

The movement of useful substances into the bloodstream

Question 2

Amylase

Answer 2

An enzyme found in saliva and pancreatic juice that hydrolyses starch to maltose

Question 3

Anus

Answer 3

The opening at the far end of the gut that controls egestion

Question 4

Assimilation

Answer 4

The synthesis of biological compounds from absorbed simpler molecules

Question 5

Autotrophic

Answer 5

(Describes an organism that produces its own food.)
autotrophs manufacture complex organic compounds from simpler inorganic molecules using either light or chemical energy
There are two types of autotrophic organisms: photoautotrophic and chemoautotrophic

Question 6

Bile

Answer 6

A fluid produced by the liver that is stored in the gall bladder and secreted, via the bile duct, into the duodenum. It consists of bile salts and an alkaline fluid that neutralises stomach acid, providing an ideal pH for lipase

Question 7

Bile salts

Answer 7

A component of bile that emulsifies lipid globules, increasing the surface area for lipase action

Question 8

Buccal cavity

Answer 8

The oral cavity through which food enters the body. Mechanical digestion and chemical digestion of starch takes place here

Question 9

Carnassials

Answer 9

Modified pre-molars and molars, found in carnivores, with sharpened edges for shearing flesh and crushing bone

Question 10

Carnivores

Answer 10

Animals that prey on and eat other animals. They have many adaptations to a high protein diet including a short gut, powerful jaw muscles and specialised dentition

Question 11

Chemical digestion

Answer 11

A type of digestion that involves breaking down large, insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules using enzymes

Question 12

Chemoautotrophic

Answer 12

Describes an organism which obtains its nutrition through inorganic molecules, (such as sulfur, )in the absence of light.
Use energy from chemical reactions
Prokaryotes

Question 13

Colon/large intestine

Answer 13

The long coiled organ (known as the large intestine) that is the final section of the digestive system. It reabsorbs water and minerals from the waste material

Question 14

Diastema

Answer 14

A gap between the incisors and premolars in a herbivore that separates fresh grass from the cud and enables the manipulation of food by the tongue

Question 15

Digestion

Answer 15

The processes by which large insoluble molecules are broken down into smaller soluble molecules that can be absorbed across cell membrane

Question 16

Duodenum

Answer 16

The first section of the small intestine where proteins and lipids are hydrolysed

Question 17

Endopeptidases

Answer 17

Enzymes found in gastric and pancreatic juices that hydrolyse non-terminal peptide bonds within a protein to form smaller peptides
(e.g. pepsin, trypsin)

Question 18

Epithelium

Answer 18

A single layer of cells that line the gut wall

Question 19

Exopeptidases

Answer 19

Enzymes produced in the pancreas and secreted in the duodenum that hydrolyse the terminal peptide bonds of a protein to form dipeptides and amino acids

Question 20

Ectoparasites

Answer 20

Parasites that live on the host e g head lice

Question 21

Egestion

Answer 21

The removal of undigested waste material from the body

Question 22

Endoparasites

Answer 22

Parasites that live inside the host e g tapeworm

Question 23

Gastric glands

Answer 23

Glands of the stomach that secrete endopeptidases, Hydrochloric acid and an alkaline mucus

Question 24

Enterokinase

Answer 24

An enzyme secreted by cells of the duodenum that converts inactive trypsinogen into active trypsin

Question 25

Gut

Answer 25

A long hollow muscular tube where digestion and absorption takes place

Question 26

Herbivores

Answer 26

Animals that eat plants. They have many adaptations including a long gut, loose articulation of the lower jaw and specialised dentition for grinding tough plant material

Question 27

Heterotrophic

Answer 27

Describes an organism that cannot produce its own food; it obtained complex organic molecules by consuming other organisms

Question 28

Holozoic

Answer 28

Describes a heterotrophic organism that internally digests food substances. Holozoic nutrition involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion

Question 29

Ileum

Answer 29

The second section of the small intestine that serves as the main site of absorption of the products of digestion

Question 30

Ingestion

Answer 30

The process by which organisms take food into their bodies

Question 31

Intestinal glands

Answer 31

Glands in the wall of the duodenum that secrete digestive enzymes and alkaline fluid

Question 32

Intercellular digestion

Answer 32

A type of digestion that takes place in the cytoplasm of unicellular organism such as amoeba

Question 33

Lactase

Answer 33

An enzyme (located on the epithelial cell membranes of the small intestine) that hydrolyses lactose to glucose and galactose

Question 34

hello!

Answer 34

🪲

Question 35

Lipase

Answer 35

An enzyme found in pancreatic juice that hydrolyses triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol

Question 36

Saprotroph

Answer 36

An organism that derives energy and raw materials for growth from the extracellular digestion of dead or decaying material

Question 37

microvilli

Answer 37

protrusions of the epithelial cell membrane that provide a large surface area for absorption in the ileum

Question 38

Liver

Answer 38

An organism that secretes bile into the small intestine via the gallbladder (where it’s stored) and the bile duct

Question 39

Maltase

Answer 39

An enzyme located on epithelial cell membranes of the duodenum that hydrolyses maltose into a-glucose

Question 40

Mechanical digestion

Answer 40

Physically breaking down food into smaller pieces, increasing the surface area for chemical digestion

Question 41

mucosa

Answer 41

the mucous membrane lining the gut wall. it contains glands that secrete digestive enzymes, mucus, and an acid/alkaline liquid providing an optimum pH

Question 42

muscle layer (human gut)

Answer 42

a layer of circular and longitudinal muscles beneath the submucosa. Contraction of the circular muscle is responsible for peristalsis

Question 43

oesophagus

Answer 43

a muscular tube that carries food from the buccal cavity to the stomach by peristalsis

Question 44

pancreas

Answer 44

a gland situated behind the stomach that, via the pancreatic duct, secretes enzymes and alkaline fluid into the duodenum

Question 45

parasite

Answer 45

an organism that lives on or in a host and takes nourishment at the expense of the host

Question 46

pediculus/head louse

Answer 46

an ectoparasite that feeds by sucking blood from the host's scalp. It can transfer from host to host by direct contact (but 1 host - human)

Question 47

pepsin

Answer 47

an endopeptidase secreted by gastric glands (by chief cells) into the stomach as pepsinogen. Hydrochloric acid converts inactive pepsinogen into active pepsin

Question 48

Peristalsis

Answer 48

The contraction of the circular muscle behind the bolus of food and the relaxation of the longitudinal muscle in front, forcing food down the gut contraction + relaxation of circular + longitudinal muscles in gut wall, pushing food along gut

Question 49

photoautotrophic

Answer 49

obtaining nutrition through photosynthesis (simple --> complex using light energy)

Question 50

rectum

Answer 50

segment of the large intestine that stores faeces prior to egestion

Question 51

rumen

Answer 51

the first stomach of a ruminant. It contains mutualistic bacteria that are able to hydrolyse cellulose into glucose

Question 52

ruminants

Answer 52

mammals that digest plant material slowly in a specialised 4 chambered stomach and regurgitate it to chew it again enabling the efficient breakdown of fibre

Question 53

sac-like gut

Answer 53

a simple, undifferentiated gut found in hydra. It has a single opening

Question 54

salivary glands

Answer 54

glands in the buccal cavity that secrete amylase and mucus

Question 55

serosa

Answer 55

the tough protective layer that surrounds the gut

Question 56

stomach

Answer 56

a muscular organ that recieves food from the oesophagus. Mechanical (mixing, grinding) and chemical digestion of protein occur here.

Question 57

submucosa

Answer 57

the layer of connective tissue below the mucous membrane that contains blood vessels and lymph for the transport of digestion products.

Question 58

sucrase

Answer 58

on epithelial cell membranes sucrose to fructose

Question 59

taenia/pork tape worm

Answer 59

adapted to live in the human gut absorbs digested nutrients through its (thick) cuticle Pigs become infected with eggs by ingesting contaminated human faeces (2 hosts in life cycle, primary = human, secondary = pig)

Question 60

trypsin

Answer 60

an endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as trypsinogen. Enterokinase converts inactive trypsinogen into active trypsin in the duodenum

Question 61

tube-like gut

Answer 61

a gut with two openings, a mouth for ingestion and an anus for egestion. Divided into specialised regions.