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Biology Unit 2 > 2.4 Adaptations for nutrition > Flashcards

2.4 Adaptations for nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

Define autotrophic

A

Autotrophic organisms make their own food, from simple inorganic raw materials, carbon dioxide and water.

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of autotrophic organisms?

A
  • Photoautotrophic- use light energy as the enrgy sourse and perform photosynthesis.
  • Chemoautotrophic- uses the energy from chemical reactions.
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3
Q

Define hetrotrophic.

A
  • An organism that cannot make its own food. It obtains energy by feeding on organic compounds produced by other organisms.
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4
Q

What is a saprotroph?

A
  • An organism that feeds by extracellular difestion, used by ll fungi.
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5
Q

Describe extracellular digestion b y saprotrophs.

A
  • Release enzymes which catalyse the breakdown of dead plant and animal material into simpler organic matter.
  • Absorb the products of digestion.
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6
Q

What is meant by the term ‘holozoic’?

A

Describes a heterotrphoic organism that internally digests food substances.

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7
Q

What processes does holozoic nutrition involve?

A
  • Indestion, digestion, egestion, absorption.
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8
Q

Define ingestion

A

The process by which organisms take food into their bodys.

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9
Q

Define digestion

A

The process by which large, insoluble moelcules are broken down into smaller, soluble molecules that can be absorbed across cell membranes.

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of digestion?

A
  • Mechanical digestion
  • Chemical digestion
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11
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A
  • Type of digestion that physiclly involves breaking food down into smaller pieces.
  • Increases the totoal surface area for chemical digestion.
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12
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

A type of digestion that involves breaking down large, insoulble molecules into smaller, soluble molecules using enzymes.

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13
Q

Define absorption

A

The movement of useful substances into the bloodstream

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14
Q

Define egestion

A

The removal of undigestied waste material from the body.

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15
Q

Describe how unicellular organisms obtain nutrients.

A
  • ingestion via phagocytosis.
  • Intrcellular digestion (using hydrolytic enzymes) breaks down large, insoluble molecules into smaller, soluble molecules.
  • Products of digestion pass into the cytoplasm by diffusion and active transport.
  • Undigested material removed by exocytosis.
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16
Q

What is a hydra?

A

A small, multicellular, freshwater organism of the phylum Cnidaria.

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17
Q

Describe the structure of hydra.

A
  • Basic, undifferntiated sac-like gut.
  • Single opening, surrounded by tentacles, that serve as a mouth and a anus.
  • Single gut cavity ( known as the entron)
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18
Q

Outline the process of digestion in hydra.

A
  • Hydrolytic enzymes secreted into the enteron by the endodermis
  • Exreacellular digestion partially digests food molecules
  • Partially digested food transported, via phagocytosis, into endodermal cells where intracellular digestion takes place.
  • Undigested material egested from the entron via the single opening.
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19
Q

Describe the shape of the gut in more complex organisms.

A

Tube-like with 2 openings, a mouth for ingestion and a anus for egestion.

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20
Q

What type of diet is the human gut adapted to?

A
  • An omnivorus diet consisting of plant and animal material.
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21
Q

State the names of the differnt layers of the gut wall.

A
  • Epithilium
  • Mucosa
  • Submocosa
  • Muscle layer
  • Serosa
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22
Q

What is the epithilium?

A

A single layer of cells that line the gut wall.

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23
Q

Describe the structure of the mucosa layer of the gut wall.

A
  • Mucous membrane lining the gut wall.
  • Contains glands that secrete digestive enzymes, mucus, and an acid or alkaline liquid that provides and optimum pH.
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24
Q

Describe the structure of the sub-mucosa layer of the gut wall.

A
  • Layer of connective tissue below the mucous membrane.
  • Contains blood vessels and lymph for the transport of digestion product and glands that secrete and alkaline fluid.
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25
Q

Describe the muscle layer of the human gut.

A

A layer of circular longitudal muscles beneath the submucosa.

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26
Q

Explain the action of circular and longitudal muscles in perastalsis.

A

The contraction of the circular muscle behind the bolus of food and the relaxation of the longitudal muscle in front forces food down the gut.

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27
Q

What is the serosa?

A

The tough,protective, layer that surrounds the gut.

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28
Q

What is the buccal cavity?

A

The oral cavity through which food enters the body.

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29
Q

What type of digestion takes place in the buccal cavity?

A

Mechanical digestion and chemical digestion of starch.

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30
Q

What is the normal pH range in the buccal cavity?

A

6.7 to 7.5

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31
Q

What is the function of the teeth?

A

Crush and grind food into smaller pieces, increasing its surface area.

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32
Q

What is the tongue?

A

A muscular organ in the buccl cavity that is vital in the chewing and swallowing of food.

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33
Q

Describe the function of the slivary glands.

A

Secrete amylase, mineral ions and mucus into the buccal cavity

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34
Q

What is the function of the oesophogus?

A

Carries food from the buccal cavity to the stomach by peristalsis.

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35
Q

Describe the processes which takes place in the stomach.

A

Mechanical digestion and chemical digestion of protein.

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36
Q

What type of glands are found in the stomach

A

Gastric glands

37
Q

Describe the function of gastric glands

A

Secrete endopeptidases, hydrochloric acid and and alkaline mucus into the stomach.

38
Q

What is the normal pH of the stomach?

A

pH 2

39
Q

What is the role of the liver?

A

Secretes bile into the small intestine via gsllblsdder and bile duct.

40
Q

Describe the compisition and function of bile.

A
  • Consists of bile salts and an alkaline fluid
  • Neutralises the stomach acid, providing an ideal pH for lipase.
41
Q

State the main 2 divisions of the samll intestine.

A
  • Duodenum
  • Ileum
42
Q

What is the duodeum?

A

The first section of the small intestine where proteins and lipids are hhydrolised.

43
Q

What is the ileum?

A
  • The second section of the small intestine that serves as the main site of absoprtion of the products of digestion.
44
Q

What is the normal pH range of the small intestine.

A

pH 7 to 8

45
Q

What is the pancreas and where is it located?

A

A gland situated behind behind the stomach.

46
Q

Describe the role of the Pancreas.

A

It secretes enzymes and an alkaline fluid into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct.

47
Q

What is the large intestine also called?

A

Colon

48
Q

Describe the function of the colon

A

Reabsorbs water and minerals from the waste material.

49
Q

What is the rectum?

A

The segment of the large intestine that stores faeces prior to digestion.

50
Q

Which enyzmes are found in carbohydrate digestion?
Where are they found?

A
  • Amylase in saliva and pancreatic juices
  • Maltase,sucrose, lactase, on the membrane of the epithelial cells of the small intestine.
51
Q

What are the substances and products of carbohydrases?

A
  • Amylase hydrolyses starch to maltase
  • Maltase hydrolyses maltose to alpha-glucose
  • Sucrase hydrolyses sucrose to glucose and fructose
  • Lactase hydrolyses lactose to glucose nd galactose.
52
Q

What is the optimum pH of amylase?

A

pH 8

53
Q

Which enzymes are involved in protein digestion?
What are their roles?

A
  • Endopeptidases- hydrolyse non-terminal peptide bonds with a protein to form smaller peptides
  • Exopeptidases- hydrolyse the terminal peptide bonds of a protein form dipetidases and amino acids
54
Q

Give some examples of endopeptidases

A
  • Trypsin
  • Pepsin
55
Q

Describe how trypsin is prodused

A
  • Secreted by the pancrease as inactive trypsingoen
  • Enterokinase converts inactive trypsinogen into active trypsinogen in the duodenum.
56
Q

Name the inactive form of pepsin

A

Pepsiogen

57
Q

Where is pepsinogen secreted from?

A

Gastric glands.

58
Q

Describe how inactive pepsinogen is converted into its active form, pepsin.

A

Hydrochloric acid converts inactive pepsinogen into active pepsin.

59
Q

Where are lipids digested?

A

Small intestine

60
Q

What must happen before lipids can be digested?

A
  • They must be emulsified by bile salts produced by the liver, this breaks down large fat molecules into smaller, soluble molecules called miceles, increasing surface area.
61
Q

How are lipids digested?

A

Lipases hydrolyse lipids into monoglycerides,fatty acids and glycerol.

62
Q

Where are lipases found?

A

In pancreatic juice.

63
Q

State the processes by which absorption takes place in the ileum.

A
  • simple diffusion
  • facilliated diffusion
  • osmosis
  • active transport
64
Q

Which molecules are absorbed by simple diffusion in the ileum?

A
  • Monoglycerides, fatty acids and glycerol.
65
Q

Why can monoglycerides, fatty acids and glucerol be absorped via simple diffusion?

A

They are non-polar molecules so can easily diffuse across the membrane of the epitheial cells.

66
Q

What happens to monoglycerides, fatty acids and glycerol once they are absorped into cells?

A

They are reformed into triglycerides, absorbed into lacteals and transported via the lymphatic system into the blood.

67
Q

How are amino acids absorbed in the lumen of the gut?

A

Via active transport into epithtial cells and then into the bloodstream by facilliated diffusion

68
Q

Which molecules can rely on co-transport from the lumen of the gut into the cytoplasm of the epithial cells?

A

Glucose and other monosaccharides.

69
Q

Explain how sodium ions are involved in co-transport

A

Sodium ions are actively transported out of the cell into the lumen, creating a diffusion gradient. Nutrients are then taken up into cells along with their Na ions.

70
Q

How do monosaccharides pass from the epithial cells into the bloodstream?

A
  • Via facilliated diffusion
71
Q

What are herbivores?

A

Animals that obly eat plants.

72
Q

Describe the adaptations of herbivores to a high cellulose diet.

A
  • Long gut
  • Loose articulation of the lower jaw
  • Horny pad on the upper jaw
  • Specialised dentition for grinding tough plant material
73
Q

Describe how the dentition of a herbivore is adapted to its diet.

A
  • Small, flat incisors on lower jaw for cutting grass against horny pad.
  • Diastema between incisors and preomolars- seperates fresh grass from the cud and enables manipulation of food by the tounge.
  • Premolars and molars have a large surface area and sharply riged biting surfaces for grinding plant material.
74
Q

What are ruminents?

A

Mammals that digested plant material slowly in a specialised 4-chambered stomach and regurgirate it to chew again, enabling the effeicent breakdown of fibre.

75
Q

Name the four chambers of the ruminant stomach

A
  • Rumen
  • Reticulum
  • Omasum
  • Abomasum
76
Q

Describe the rumen

A

The first stomach of the ruminent.
it contains mutalistic bacteria that are able to hydrolyse cellulose into glucose.

77
Q

What is an carnivore?

A

An animal that preys on and eats other animals.

78
Q

Describe the adaptations of carnivores to a high proein diet.

A
  • Short gut
  • Powerful jaw muscles
  • Specialised dentition for cutting and tearing meat
79
Q

Describe how the dentition of a carnivore is adapted to its diet.

A
  • Sharp incisiors to remove flesh from bone
  • Large,pointed canines required to grip and kill prey
  • Sharp canassials to slice and shear meat
  • Molars with sharp, flattened edges to crush bone.
80
Q

What is an parisite?

A

An organism that lives or or in a host and takes nourishment at the expense of the other organism.

81
Q

Name the 2 types of paristie.

A
  • Ectoparisites
  • Endoparisites
82
Q

What are ectoparisites?

A
  • Parisites that live on the host e.g head lice.
83
Q

What are endoparisites?

A

Parisites that live in the host, e.g pork tapeworm.

84
Q

How does the head louse feed and transfer from one host to another?

A

*Feeds from sucking blood from the hosts scalp
* Transfers between hosts by direct contact.

85
Q

Where do pork tapeworm live?

A
  • Primary host- adult tapeworm lives in the human gut
  • Secondary host- larval form can develop in pigs
86
Q

How can humans and pigs be infected by pork tapeworm?

A

*Humans become infected by eating undercooked pork ( containing larval forms of the tapeworm)
Pigs may become infected by consuming contaminated faeces.

87
Q

How does the pork tapeworm feed?

A

Absorbs pre-digested nutrients in the gut through its cutucle.

88
Q

How is the pork tapeworm adapted to living in the gut?

A
  • Thick cuticle
  • secretes anti-enzymes that prevent its digestion by host enzymes
  • Scolex has suckers and hooks for attachment to the gut wall.
  • Long, thin body proves large surface-area-to-volume ratio for absorption.

Biology Unit 2 (4 decks)

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