Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology > 2.4 Acute inflammation > Flashcards

2.4 Acute inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation:

A
  1. reddening - increased blood flow to the area
  2. swelling - exudation of fluid from dilated blood vessels into the inflamed tissue
  3. increased heat - increased blood flow: the temp of the inflamed portion approximates to internal body temp
  4. pain - due to chemical mediators released into damged tissue, and by local pressure on nerve endings from the exudate
  5. loss of function - reluctance to use the inflamed portion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

___ and ___ are the underlying mechanism in acute inflammation

A

vascular permeability and migration of white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

____ is important in inflammation?

A

white blood cells, particularly macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Inflammation can result from?

A

an immune response
ex: injury to tissues could arise from the mechanisms designed to protect them from irritant agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Causes​ of inflammation:

A
  • microorganisms and parasites
  • Trauma: mechanical, chemical, and thermal insult
  • Aberrant immune response: hypersensitivity and autoimmune​ disease
  • malignant neoplasms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Classification of inflammation:

A
  • acute
  • chronic
    **but with some overlap
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

acute:

A

sudden onset and may last for a few hours to a few days; vascular, humoral, and cellular alterations cause the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation as a result of exposure of tissues to injurious sunstances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

sequelae:

A
  1. death
  2. resolve by regeneration in association with host defense mechanisms ( may be assisted by therapeutic measures)
  3. undergo repair by fibrosis
  4. become chronic - (goes through a subacute phase first), depending upon the persistence​ of the agent and the amount of damage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

stages​ of acute inflammation Stage 1: vascular phase

A
  1. initial phase: transient (secs)
    - arteriole constriction (white line)
    - smooth muscle response
  2. Hyperaemia = (mins - days)
    - arteriole and capillary dilation
    - chemical mediators
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Normal Capillary bed =

A
  • closed precapillary sphincter
  • empty capillaries​
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Capillary bed in acute inflammation: chemical mediators

A
  • damaged tissue and plasma cause the ​open precapillary sphincter
  • most capillaries are full
  • dilation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

acute inflammation: chemical mediators leads to what?

A

Phase 2: exudative phase
- mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Exudative phase: increased vascular permeability is due to?

A

endothelial cell contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stage 2: exudative phase

A
  • endothelial cell contraction is caused by histamine released by mast cells
  • also direct endothelial injury:
  • physical damage
  • toxic agents
    -infection
  • enzymes
  • oxygen free radicals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

exudative phase result:

A

escape (exudation) of protein-rich fluid from blood into surrounding tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

contents of fluid exudate:

A
  • water and electrolytes
  • Plasma proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen)
  • Red blood cells
  • Platelets
17
Q

Statge 3: migration of leucocyte

A
  1. margination/ pavementing
    - altered blood flow and loss of axial stream
    - expression of adhesion molecule
  2. Chemotaxis
    - neutrophils move along chemotactic gradient
    - chemotaxins attract and activate leukocytes, bacterial products, fibrin degradaiation products, complement derived factors
    cytokines, tissue breakdown products
  3. emigration via intercellular junctions
    - motile cells force an opening
    - basement membrane is breached`
18
Q

where are neutrophils formed?

A

bone marrow

19
Q

neutrophil production time?

A

7 days - half life in blood 6 hrs

20
Q

How often are neutrophils replaced​?

A

twice a day

21
Q

onece neutrophils enter the tissues they do not return to where?

A

the blood

22
Q

Where are most neutrophils lost?

A

the mucous membrane of the body ex: gut, urinary, and respiratory tract

23
Q

neutrophils contain?

A

multilobed nuclei and are indistictly granulated

24
Q

Neutrophil function:

A

killing of microorganisms, tumor cells, and elimination of foreign material

25
Q

Neutrophil function: (2)

A
  1. phagocytosis of microorganisms or foreign material and fusion of phagosome with lysosomes​ to kill or degrade material
25
Q

Neutrophil function: (2)

A
  1. phagocytosis of microorganisms or foreign material and fusion of phagosome with lysosomes​ to kill or degrade material
  2. secretion / release of granules into exudate to enhance acute inflammatory response
26
Q

Neutrophil recruitment:

A
  • loosely stick to walls, and roll along
  • at the ​junction between endothelial cell, migrate out
  • travel to the ​site of damage
  • serous discharge becomes cloudy
  • degranulate
27
Q

where are eosinophils​ found?

A

in bone marrow, have similar life span to neutrophils

28
Q

When there are a large number of eosinophils in a tissue, as with parasitic conditions, they impact a ___ colour to the tissue

A

greenish

29
Q

eosinophils contain?

A

multilobed nuclei and distinct granules in the cytoplasm

30
Q

eosinophils are prominent in?

A

parasitic infections and local allergic reactions (IgE)

31
Q

Where are mast cells found?

A

heavily granulated​ mononuclear cells found in tissues

32
Q

Mass cell tissue lifespan?

A

4-12 weeks depending on location

33
Q

mast cells degranulate in ?

A

tissue injury, releasing histamine, heparin, and serotonin - chemical mediators of vasodilation​, chemotaxis, and pain

34
Q

When are mast cells critical?

A

in the ​initiation of acute inflammatory response

35
Q

where are basophils formed?

A

in bone marrow

36
Q

Basophils contain ?

A

multilobed nucleated cells with bluish granules in cytoplsm

37
Q

basophils have granules similar to those of both

A

neutrophils and mast cells

38
Q

basophils are important in ?

A

IgE mediated injury to tissues (allergic reactions

Pathology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions