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Pathology > 1.4 Cellular degeneration and infiltration > Flashcards

1.4 Cellular degeneration and infiltration Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular injury:

A
  • Can be reversible or irreversible
  • The degenerative changes are a continuum and the point at which injury transitions from reversible to irreversible is not always clear-cut
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2
Q

Irreversible cellular injury results in?

A

Cell death

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3
Q

In general, the effect upon a cell depends upon?

A
  1. dose of the injurious agent acting upon the cell
  2. duration for which it acts
  3. the vascular flow - nutrient supply to tissues
  4. type of cell injured: highly active cells such as hepatocytes, proximal convoluted tubular epithelium of the kidney and cardiac myocytes are most prone to injury
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4
Q

Cellular changes characteristic of irreversible cellular degeneration include:

A
  1. Plasma membrane damage
  2. Calcium entry into the cell
  3. Mitochondrial swelling and vacuolation
  4. Lysosomal swelling
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5
Q

Hydropic degeneration:

A

Acute cellular swelling:
- the cells may swell up like a balloon prior to their destruction, or
- there is a discrete bleb (vacuole) of fluid within the cytoplasm

**Causes include mild hypoxia, viral infection and toxins

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6
Q

Hydropic degeneration Process:

A
  • Injury
  • potassium leaves the cell
  • sodium and water enter the cell causing swelling
  • vacuoles become extended /irregular shape
  • cytoplasm​ swells
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7
Q

mildest, earliest detectable degenerative change?

A

hydropic degeneration

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8
Q

___ is the 1st stage in injury to a cell, and may me a ​momentary phenomenon passing quickly to more serious damage

A

hydropic degeneration

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9
Q

Which one is normal and hydropic?

A
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10
Q

In hydropic degeneration excess fluid is transferred to ?

A

the endoplasmic reticulum

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11
Q

Gross & microscopic pathological
features of Hydropic degeneration:

A

Gross view:
somewhat paler than normal

Microscopic view:
moderate swelling of individual cells

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12
Q

Hydropic degeneration causes:

A
  • some viral infections (Foot & mouth disease virus)
  • mild hypoxia
  • toxins
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13
Q

Hydropic degeneration: rupture of adjacent cells leads to the formation of?

A

vesicles (blisters)

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14
Q

fatty change
(Lipidosis):

A

accumulation/ increase of fatty substances in the ​cytoplasm of specific cells (parenchyma of
liver, kidney, heart)

**doesn’t refer to body fat stores

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15
Q

The liver, kidney, and heart are all​?

A

metabolically active

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16
Q

causes of lipidosis:

A

1) Metabolic disease
2) Dietary factors
3) Toxins
4) Hypoxia

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17
Q

Fatty change (lipidosis): Liver

A
  • earliest and most easily affected​ organ
  • greatly increased in size
  • tan to yellowish color
  • prone to rupture with slight pressure
  • parenchyma is dull, yellowish, and grease​y
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18
Q

Fatty change (lipidosis): Kidney

A
  • cortex is pale comapared to medulla
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19
Q

Fatty change (lipidosis): heart

A
  • flabby with streaks in the papillary muscles
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20
Q

Fatty Change identification

A

Fat dissolves in alcohols used in the processing of section to make slide leaving empty vaculoles. Therefore to prove fat is present neet​ to stain the ​frozen section

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21
Q

Causes of fatty change (lipidosis): dietary factors

A

Most extreme:
- starvation - fat stored in liver
- overeating

Less common:
- lipotrope derangement

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22
Q

Causes of fatty change (lipidosis):
Metabolic diseases

A

Disease-associated with deranged carbohydrate metabolism - glucose not available for uptake into the tissues

1) Diabetes mellitus:
- lack of insulin (type 1 diabetes)
- lack of reactivity to insulin (type 2 diabetes) results in cells unable to use glucose

2) Ruminant Ketosis: excess demand on glucose reserves

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23
Q

ketosis in ruminants example:

A
  • in sheep caused by twin lambs ( pregnancy toxemia)
  • in high-yielding dairy cows shortly after parturition shortage of energy
24
Q

causes of lipidosis: Hypoxia

A

Hypoxia:
-Anemia
-Ischemia

25
Q

Any condition that reduces ___ supply to the tissues will cause fatty changes in the liver

A

oxygen

26
Q

hypoxia:

A

an inadequate supply of oxygen

27
Q

anaemi​a:

A

(reduced circulating red cell numbers) caused by sustained loss of erythrocytes from the vessels as in chronic hemorrhage​ or excessive destruction of erythrocytes within vessels (hamolysis)

28
Q

Ischaemia:

A

(reduced blood supply to tissue) and chronic venous congestion (slowing of blood flow through the vasculature) do to fa ​ailing heart

29
Q

Causes of fatty change (lipidosis): dietary factors

A

Most extreme:
- starvation - fat stored in liver
- overeating

Less common:
- lipotrope derangement

30
Q

causes of fatty change: toxins

A
  • bacterial​ and fungal toxins:
  • chemical toxins: (phosphorus, lead)
  • some plant poisonings: ( fatty change in early stages of poisoning​
31
Q

where are bacterial and fungal toxins produced?

A

either in the ​bloodstream from circulating bacteria ( sepsis) or elsewhere and absorbed into the blood

32
Q

Fatty change affecting the liver may be ?

A
  • Diffuse: (ex. metabolic disease)
  • zonal (ex: circulatory disease)
33
Q

Zonal fatty change in cogestive ​heart failure leads to what color liver?

A

nutmeg color liver

34
Q

Mucoid degeneration:

A

degeneration of connective tissue involving deposition of mucinous material in the ​extracellular matrix

35
Q

Mucoud degeneration: most important example

A

valvulr endocardiosis, where degeneration affects heart valves and results ib origressive heart failure

  • common in King charles cavalier
36
Q

mucoid degeneration: causes blood to bleed where?

A

causes blood to bleed backward​ due nodular swelling

37
Q

Mucous metaplasia of epithelial cells:

A
  • an adaptive change rather than degenerative, involving goblet cells of wet mucous membranes and glands increasing in number
38
Q

increased mucus production results in:

A
  • increased lubrication
  • soothes inflamed surfaces
  • traps and dilutes harmful agents
  • carries antibodies​ against infectious agents
    -enables removal of particulates
39
Q

Hyline degeneration

A
  • ‘glassy’ appearance applied to several types of generation or infiltration​ involving protein
    -
40
Q

Hyline degeeration: Microscopic

A

structurless and stains pinkish red with eosin in H&E

41
Q

hyaline​ degeneration of skeletal muscle fibers refers to the

A

the ​homogenous and pale appearance​ of the cell cytoplasm

42
Q

Hyline casts are found where?

A

in the ​urine of animals with renal failure and proteinuria

43
Q

Fibrinoid degeneration

A
  • fibrin-like red smudging
  • focal death of vessel wall cells
  • consists partly of degenerated muscles and elastic fibers and partly increased amount of protein, including fibrin, around​ the degenerated fibers
44
Q

Amyloidosis: causes

A
  1. chronic inflammatory process elsewhere in body (most cases)
  2. tumors as in plasma cell and thyroid tumors​
  3. prion disease
45
Q

How is amyloidosis characterized?

A
  • by accumulation of protein that misfolds (forms Beta pleated sheets) and becomes highly resistant to proteolysis
46
Q

Primary AL amyloidosis:

A

Amyloid light chain
- made up of complete immunoglobulin light chains secreted by plasma cell tumors​
- affected animals have gammopathy with abnormal protein in urine

47
Q

secondary AA amyloidosis:

A

amyloid associate protein
- reactive systemic amyloidosis
- secondary to inflammatory rxns particularly chronic infection
- deposited in the renal glomeruli in dogs and cats

48
Q

renal amyloidosis gross view:

A
  • pale cortex
  • glomeruli appear as white dots
  • will stain yellowish brown with iodine solution
    -subsequent treatment with dilute sulphuric acid turns them blue - purple
49
Q

Microscopic change amyloidosis:

A
  • deposition of a pink homogeneous material in glomerulues progressively replacing the epithelium and endothelium
  • amount of amyloid varies between glomeruli
  • cuffs of the same material around tubules
  • stains pink with congo red and the amyloid fibrils appear an apple-green color in polarized light
50
Q

effects of renal amyloidosis:

A
  • sustained loss of protein (mainly albumin) into urine
  • reduces the ​osmotic potential of blood to attract fluid back into the blood at the venous end of the capillary bed
  • results in oedema of the subcutis and abdominal cavity
    **Called Nephrotic syndrome
51
Q

Hepatic amyloidosis:

A

Myloid deposition in the liver causes hepatomegaly with a ​high risk of hemorrhage

52
Q

endocrine associated amyloidosis:

A

amyloid deposition can occur in endocrine organs (ex: islets of Langerhans​ in pancreas)

53
Q

Glycogen storage:

A
  • association with high-level corticosteroid exposure
  • glycogen​ is normally present in substantial amounts in the liver and muscle where it is a readily utilisable source of energy
54
Q

Glcogen storage: gross view

A

moderate amounts of glycogen do no produce appreciable alteration in the gross appearance of the oragn `

55
Q

glycogen storage: microscopic view

A

foamy cytoplasmic vacuoles, simlar to that of fat

56
Q

Cellular inclusions 1: viral inclusion bodie

A

-accumulation of viral nucleic acid or protein
- nuclear, cytoplasmic, or both
- subcellular localization indicates type of virus

57
Q

Cellular inclusion 2: abnormal storage products

A
  • hereditary storage disease in which there is a missing or defective cellular enzyme
  • build-up of intermediate metabolites in cytoplams
  • usually affects all tissues
  • CNS is particularly​ vulnerable because it can NOT regenerate

Pathology (7 decks)

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