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biology ZAHRA NEW USE > 2.4 > Flashcards

2.4 Flashcards

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1
Q

antigen

A

foreign molecule
stimulate immune response
antibody produced

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2
Q

how are cells identified by immune system

A

each type of cell, specific molecules on surface that identify
often protiens with specific tertiary structure

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3
Q

what type of cells can immune system identify

A

pathogens
toxins
cells from other organisms
abnormal body cells

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4
Q

phagocytosis

A

Phagocyte attracted to pathogen by its chemicals and recognises its foreign antigens
engulfs it and surrounds it by its cell surface membrane
phagocyte contained in vesicle in cytoplasm of phagocyte
lysosome fuse with phagosome releasing lysozymes
lysozymes hydrolyse the pathogen

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5
Q

the response of T lymphocytes to a foreign antigen

A

specific t helper cell with complementary receptors on its surface bind to antigen on
antigen-presenting cell
this activates it and they divide by mitosis to form clones which
phagocytes
cytotoxic t cells
specific B cells

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6
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

kill infected cells and tumour cells by producing perforin

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7
Q

response of b lymphocytes to foreign antigen

A

colonel selection
specific b lymphocytes with comp receptor bind to antigen
stir by helper T cells
so divide by mitosis to form clones
Some differentiate into B plasma cells secrete large amounts of (monoclonal) antibody
Some differentiate into B memory cells → remain in blood for secondary immune response

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8
Q

antibodies

A

quaternary structure protiens
secreted by b lymphocytes
bind specifically to antigen forming antigen antibody complex

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9
Q

any

A
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10
Q

primary immune response

A

first exposure to antigen antibodies produced slow at at low conc
takes time for specific b plasma cells to be stimulated to produce specific antibodies
memory cells produced

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11
Q

secondary immune response

A

second exposure to antigen
antibodies produced faster and at a higher conc
b memory cells rapidly undergo mitosis to produce many plasma cells which produce specific antibodies

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12
Q

vaccine

A

injection of antigens from attenuated pathogens
stimulating formation of memory cells

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13
Q

how do vaccines provide protection against disease

A

specific b lymph with comp receptor binds to antigen

specific t helper cell binds to antigen presenting cell
stim b cell
B lymphocytes divide by mitosis = clones
some differentiate into b plasma cells which release antibodies
some differentiate into b memory cells
on secondary exposure to antigen b memory cells rapidly divide by mitosis to produce b plasma cells
these release antibodies faster and at a higher conc

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14
Q

effect of antigen variability

A

antigen on pathogen change shape or tertiary structure due to gene mutation
no longer immune
b memory cell receptors cannot bind or recognise changed antigen on second exposure
specific antibodies not comp

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15
Q

hiv replication

A

hiv AP attach to receptors on helper t cell
lipid envelope fuses with cell surface membrane releasing capsid into cell
capsid uncoats releasing rna and RT
RT convert viral RNA to DNA
viral dna inserted into helper t cell dna
viral protien capsid and enzymes produced
DNA transcribed into hiv mrna
hiv mrna translated to new hiv protiens
virus particles assembled and released from cell

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16
Q

hiv causing symp of AIDS

A

hiv infect and kill helper t cells as it multiplies rapidly
so t helper cant stim cytotoxic t cells b cells and phagocytes
and B plasma cant release as many antibodies for destruction of pathogens
immune system more susceptible to infection
pathogens reproduce releasing toxins and damage cells

17
Q

why are antibiotics ineffective against virus

A

virus dont have metabolic processes
virus dont have murein cell wall

18
Q

monoclonal antibody

A

antibody produced from genetically identical plasma cells
so same tertiary structure

19
Q

monoclonal antibody use in medicine

A

they have specific tertiary structure
comp to receptor and only in specific cells
therapeutic drug attached to antibody
antibody binds to specific cell forming antigen antibody complex delivering drug

20
Q

medical diagnosis use of moncolonal antibodies

A

have specific tertiary structure
comp to specific antigen
dye attached to antibody
antibody binds to receptor forming antigen antibody complex

21
Q

antibody use in ELISA
to detect antigens

A

attach sample with potential antigens to well
add comp monoclonal antibodies with enzyme attached which bind to antigens if present
wash well to remove unbound antibodies
add substrate enzyme create products that change colour

22
Q

use of antibodies ELISA
to detect antibodies

A

attach specific antigens to well
add sample with potential antibodies and wash well
add comp monoclonal antibodies with enzymes attached
bind to antibodies if present
wash well to remove unbound antibodies
add substrate enzyme creates products that cause colour change

23
Q

ethical issues with use of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies

A

test on animals causing harm and stress
nut animals arent killed
clinical trial on humans can cause side effects

24
Q

active immunity

A

initial exposure to antigen
memory cells involved
antibody produced and secreted by b plasma cells
slow and take longer to develop
long term immunity as as antibody can be produced in response to specific antigen again

25
Q

passive immunity

A

no exposure to antigen
no memory cells involved
antibody introduced from another organism
faster acting
short term immunity as antibody hyrolysed

26
Q

explain why antibodies are only effective against specific pathogen

A

they have a specific tertiary structure thats only specific to complementary receptors on pathogen
forming antibody antigen complex

27
Q

role of macrophage in stimulating b lymphocytes

A

produce cytokinis

28
Q

structures within b lymphocyte to its functions

A

mitochondria provide ATP
RER synthesise proteins
b lymphocytes produce antibodies
golgi body produce glycoproteins

29
Q

how do vaccines provide immunity from pathogen

A

vaccine contains antigen from pathogen
t cell activate b cell
b cells divide by mitosis to form clones
plasma cells produce antibodies
memory cells produced meaning more antibodies produced and faster in secondary response

30
Q

how do vaccines produce antibodies against disease causing organism

A

vaccine contain antigens from pathogen
macrophage presents antigen on its surface
t cell with complementary receptor protein bind to antigen
t cell stimulate b cell and b cell secretes large amounts of antibody and divide to form clones

31
Q

role of antibodies in producing positive result in ELISA

A

first antibody binds to antigen which is complementary in shape
second antibody with enzyme attached added
2nd antibody attaches to antigen
substrate added causing a colour change

32
Q

explain why the first antibody or antibody a attach only to protein found in species

A

antibody has a specific tertiary structure
which is complementary to binding site on antigen

33
Q

why is antibody b or second antibody important

A

prevents false negatives
shows how antibody a or first antibody moves up strip

34
Q

how to pathogens cause disease

A

produce toxins
damage cells

35
Q

how do tests using monoclonal antibodies allow identification on stuff of harm and advantages

A

rapid treatment of infected cattle or carriers
can isolated infected and carriers
reducing spread of disease

36
Q

role of antibodies in stimulating phagocytosis

A

bind to antigen
causing agglutination

37
Q

how does phagocytosis of a virus lead to the presentation of its antigens

A

phagosome fuses with lysosome
releasing lysosomes which hydrolyse the virus
antigens from virus are displayed on. the cell membrane

38
Q

Describe how presentation of a virus antigen leads to the secretion of an
antibody against this virus antigen.

A

helper T cell binds to antigen on antigen presenting cell
this helper T cell stimulates a specific B cell
B cell clones
form plasma cells that release antibodies

biology ZAHRA NEW USE (37 decks)

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