2.34 - 2.52 2.59 - 2.61 Flashcards
what is the formula for aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide +
water
what does ATP provide for the cell
energy
what is the differences in oxygen need in aerobic and anaerobic respiration
aerobic needs oxygen anaerobic doesn’t
what is the differences in glucose breakdown need in aerobic and anaerobic respiration
aerobic is complete and anaerobic is incomplete
what are the products of aerobic respiration
carbon dioxide and water
what are the products of anaerobic respiration
animal cells- lactic acid
yeast- carbon dioxide and ethanol
energy released in aerobic and anaerobic respiration
aerobic - a lot
anaerobic - a little
what is aerobic respiration
the complete breakdown of glucose to release a large amount of energy
balanced chemical equation of aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O
what is anaerobic respiration
the incomplete breakdown of glucose to release little amounts of energy
word equation for anaerobic respiration
in animals
glucose –> lactic acid
balanced equation for anaerobic respiration
in animals
C6H12O6 –> 2C3H6O3
what is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells called
fermentation
word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast
glucose –> alcohol + carbon dioxide
balanced equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast
C6H12O6 –> 2C2H5OH + 2 CO2
how can we investigate the production of carbon dioxide and heat from respiration
germinating seeds or other living organisms
how does gas exchange relate to diffusion in single celled organisms
organisms can exchange gasses through diffusion
how do gills, lungs, and leaves help gas exchange using diffusion
- they increase surface area
- a short diffusion distance (barriers are as thin as possible)
what is the pathway of carbon dioxide from atmosphere to chloroplast by diffusion
atmosphere - air spaces around spongy mesophyll tissue - leaf mesophyll cells - chloroplasts
what are stomata
spaces found between two guard cells - on the lower epidermis of the leaf
what do the guard cells do
they control the opening and closing of the stomata
what do plants do during the daytime
respire and photosynthesise
what do plants do in the nighttime
they only respire
what is the gas exchange surface in humans?
the lungs
why do lungs help with gas exchange
- large surface area
- thin walls
- good ventilation with air
- good blood supply
what do the ribs do?
they protect the internal organs such as the lungs
what do the intercostal muscles do
they control the movement causing inhalation and exhalation
what does the diaphragm do
they help change the volume of the thorax to allow inhalation and exhalation
what does the trachea do
its the windpipe that connects the mouth and the nose to the lungs
what does the larynx do
its the voice box to be able to make sound
what do the bronchi (pl) do
they’re the large tubes branching off the trachea with one bronchus (sin) for each lung
what do the bronchioles do
they connect the bronchi to the alveoli
what do the alveoli do
they’re tiny air sacks where gas exchange takes place
what does the pleural cavity do
they are the fluid filled space between the pleural membranes which reduces friction and allow the lungs to move freely
what is the passage down to the lungs lined with
cilia
what do cilia do?
they have tiny hairs on the end of them that beat and push the mucus up towards the passages towards the nose and throat where it can be removed
what type of intercostal muscles are there
internal and external
what happens to the diaphragm during inhalation
it contracts and flattens
what happens to the external set of intercostal muscles during inhalation
they contract to pull the ribs up and out
what happens to the volume of the thorax during inhalation
the volume increases
what happens to the air pressure during inhalation
the air pressure decreases
what happens to the diaphragm during exhalation
it relaxes and moves upwards in a dome shape
what happens to the external set of intercostal muscles during exhalation
they relax so the ribs drop down and in
what happens to the volume of the thorax during exhalation
the volume decreases
what happens to the air pressure during exhalation
there’s an increase in air pressure
how much oxygen is in inspired air
21%
how much oxygen is expired air
16%
how much carbon dioxide is in inspired air
0.04%
how much carbon dioxide is in expired air
4%
how much nitrogen is in inspired air
78%
how much nitrogen is in expired air
78%
what do the rounded alveolar sacks help increase
surface area to volume ratio
how many cells thick are the capillaries and the alveoli
one cell thick
what does the layer of moisture on the surface of the alveoli help with
the diffusion as gases dissolve
what are the chemicals in cigarettes?
tar which is a carcinogen
nicotine which is an addictive substance
and carbon monoxide which reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen
what does carbon monoxide do specifically biologically in your lungs
- it binds irreversibly to hemoglobin
- it puts strain on the circulatory system to pump blood faster around the body (increases the risk of coronary heart disease and strokes)
what does tar do specific biologically in your lungs
- increases the chances of cancerous cells developing
- it contributes to COPD which is when chronic bronchitis and emphysema occur together
- it blocks the alveoli
what is different for unicellular in diffusion
they don’t need specialist exchange surfaces or transport system because diffusion, osmosis, and active transport happen through the cell membrane at a fast enough rate
why do unicellular organisms not need specialist exchange surfaces for diffusion
they have very large surface are in comparison to volume
why do multicellular organisms need specialist exchange surfaces for diffusion
they have a small surface area compared to their volume
what are examples of exchange surfaces in animals
- lungs and alveoli
- small intestine and villi
what is an example of a transport system in animals
blood aqnd circulatory system
what are examples of exchange surfaces in plants
- roots and root hair cells
- leaves
what are examples of a transport system in plants
- xylem (water and minerals from roots to shoots )
- phloem (sugar and amino acids to where they are needed)
what are the components of blood
- red blood cells
- platelets
- white blood cells
- plasma
what is over half of the blood made up of 55%
plasma
what makes up 45% of the blood
red blood cells
what is less than 1% of the blood made up of
white blood cells and platelets
what is the structure of a red blood cell
- biconcave structure
- no nucleus
- a lot of protein hemoglobin
what is the structure of a white blood cell
- large cells
- big nucleus
- different types have different function and shapes
what is the structure of platelets
fragment of cells
what is the structure of plasma
straw colored liquid
why is plasma important in the transportation of carbon dioxide?
it’s the waste product of respiration and it is dissolved in plasma as hydrocarbonate ions and transported from respiring cells to the lungs
why is plasma important in the transportation of digested foods and minerals ?
they are dissolved particles absorbed from the small intestine and delivered to requiring cells around the body
why is plasma important in the transportation of urea?
it is the waste substance produced in the breakdown of protein by the liver
it is dissolved in the plasma and transported to the kidneys
why is plasma important in the transportation of hormones?
they are the chemical messengers and the are transported to the target tissues / organs
why is plasma important in the transportation of heat energy?
it is an exothermic reaction released in respiration and it is transported to the cooler parts of the body or to the skin where heat can be lost
what are red blood cells adapted as to carry oxygen
- full of hemoglobin which is a protein that binds to oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin
- they have no nucleus which allows for more space
- biconcave disc gives them a large surface area to volume ratio to maximise diffusion in and out
