1.1 to 2.6B Flashcards
nutrition
taking in of nutrients which are organic substances and mineral ions containing raw materials or energy for growth and tissue repair, absorbing and assimilating them
respiration
chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy
excretion
removal of toxic materials from organism (substance in excess of requirement)
sensitivity
sense or detect changes in the environment (stimuli) and respond accordingly
movement
action by which and organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place
homeostasis
self regulation control of their internal enviroment to maintain stability
reproduction
process that make more of the same kind or organism
growth
permanent increase in size and dry mass
what are eukaryotic organisms?
plants, animals, fungi, and protoctists
tell me about the photosynthesis and whether plants are multicellular of single celled organisms
plants contain chloroplasts therefore can carry out photosynthesis and they are multicellular organisms
what is the cell wall of plants made from
cellulose
plants store carbohydrates as?
starch and sucrose
give me an example of a flowering plant
cereal- maize or herbaceous legume-peas and beans
are animal cells multicellular or not and do they carry out photosynthesis
they are multicellular organisms and they do not carry out photosynthesis as they do not contain chloroplasts
do animal cells have a cell wall
no animal cells do not have a cell wall
what do animal cells store carbohydrates as?
glycogen
are fungi single celled or multicellular organisms
they can be both
what is their body made from
fungi
it is organised into a mycelium made from thread like structures - which are hyphae which contain many nuclei
wht is the cell wall of fungi made up of
chitin
what type of nutrition do they carry out (fungi)
saprotrophic nutrition
what does fungi store carbohydrates as?
glycogen
give me a multicellular and a unicellular type of fungi
the unicellular is yeast and the multicellular is mucor
are protoctists single celled or multicellular?
single celled
what are two types and what are their characteristics
protoctists
amoeba- lives in pond water and have features like animal cells
chlorella- have chloroplasts and have features like plant cells
what is a prokaryotic organism
bacteria
what is a pathogenic example?
plasmodium which causes malaria
what are bacteria
microscopic single celled organisms
what do the bacteria cells contain and not contain
they contain:
- cell wall
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- plasmids
- circular chromosomes of DNA
they don’t contain
- a nucleus
what are two examples of bacteria and what are their characteristics?
lactobacillus- rod shped bacterium used in the production of yogurt from milk
pneumococcus- spherical bacterium that acts as the pathogen causing pneumonia
what do pathogens include
they include fungi, bacteria, protoctists, and viruses
are viruses living or non living
non living
where can viruses reproduce
they can only reproduce inside living cells
what do they have instead of a cellular structure?
virus
they have a protein coat and they contain one type of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA)
what are three examples of viruses
tobacco mosaic virus - discoloring of tomato leaves plants. by preventing the formation of chloroplasts
influenza virus- causes the flu
HIV virus- causes AIDS
what are the levels of organisation in order?
- organelle
- cells
- tissues
- organs
- organ system
what is an organelle?
a component within a cell that carries out a specific task
what is a cell?
basic functional and structural units in a living organism
what are tissues?
a group of cells of similar structure working together to perform a particular function
what are organs?
a group of different tissues working together to perform a paticular function
what is an organ system?
a group of organs with related functions working together to perform body functions within the organism
what organelles do animal cells have inside the cytoplasm
- nucleus
- mitochondria
- ribosomes
what organelles do plant cells have inside the cytoplasm
- nucleus
- mitochondria
- ribosomes
- cell wall
- chloroplast
- permanent vacuole
what is the function of the nucleus
contains the genetic material in chromosomes which control how cells grow and work
it controls cell division
what is the function of the cytoplasm
it supports the cell structure
it is the site of many chemical reactions
it contains water and many solutes
what is the function of the cell membrane
it holds the cell together
it controls the substances entering and leaving the cell
what is the function of the cell wall
it gives the cell extra support and defines its shape
it is made of cellulose (which is a polymer of glucose)
what is the function of the mitochondria
it is the site of aerobic respiration–> which provides energy to the cell
there will be more mitochondria in cells with higher metabolism which means they carry out many different cell reactions
what is the function of the chloroplast
it is the site of photosynthesis
the green chlorophyll pigments absorb light energy needed for the reaction to occur
what is the function of the ribosomes
site of protein production in protein synthesis
what is the function of the vacuole
contains cell sap
used for storage of certain material
helps support the shape of the cell
and pushes the cytoplasm against the cell wall keeping the cell turgid
what is cell differentiation
a process by which a cell changes to become specialised
in animals, at what stage are most cells able to differentiate
at a very early stage so animal cells lose their ability to differentiate early in the life of the organism
what are the animal cells that are able to differentiate later in the life of the organism called
adult stem cells can differetiate all throughout the life of the organism
they are mainly used to replace and repair cells (such as blood or skin cells)
in plants, at what stage are most cells able to differentiate
they retain the ability to fully differentiate
what are specialised cells
they are cells which have developed certain characteristics in order to perform particular functions
what is an example of a specialised cell in animals
red blood cell
- the function is to transport oxygen
to do this it differentiated into
- a biconcave shape to increase the surface area for more efficient diffusion of oxygen
- it contains hemoglobin which joins with oxygen to transport it
- it contains no nucleus to increase the amount of space available for hemoglobin inside the cell
what is an example of a specialised cell in plants
root hair cell
- the function is to absorb water and mineral ions from the soil
to do this it differentiated into
- a shape where the surface area is increased to ensure maximum absorption
- the walls are thin to make sure the water moves through quickly
- no chloroplasts since it is underground
what are the advantages of using stem cells in medicine
- good potential in treating a wide variety of diseases
- organs developed from a patient’s own stem cells reduces the risk of rejection
- adult stem cells are already used in medicine this day to treat a variety of treatments
what are the disadvantages of using stem cells in medicine?
- stem cells that are cultured in labs can become infected with a virus which can then be transmitted to the patient
- cultured stem cells can accumulate mutations that can lead them to developing cancer
- there are a low number of stem cell donors
ethical issues of using stem cells
- is it right to use embryonic stem cells because who gives permission?
- who owns the embryo in the scenario of an creating an embryo in therapeutic cloning
- should an embryo be treated as a person with human rights or as a commodity?
