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biology > 1.1 to 2.6B > Flashcards

1.1 to 2.6B Flashcards

1
Q

nutrition

A

taking in of nutrients which are organic substances and mineral ions containing raw materials or energy for growth and tissue repair, absorbing and assimilating them

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2
Q

respiration

A

chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy

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3
Q

excretion

A

removal of toxic materials from organism (substance in excess of requirement)

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4
Q

sensitivity

A

sense or detect changes in the environment (stimuli) and respond accordingly

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5
Q

movement

A

action by which and organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place

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6
Q

homeostasis

A

self regulation control of their internal enviroment to maintain stability

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7
Q

reproduction

A

process that make more of the same kind or organism

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8
Q

growth

A

permanent increase in size and dry mass

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9
Q

what are eukaryotic organisms?

A

plants, animals, fungi, and protoctists

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10
Q

tell me about the photosynthesis and whether plants are multicellular of single celled organisms

A

plants contain chloroplasts therefore can carry out photosynthesis and they are multicellular organisms

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11
Q

what is the cell wall of plants made from

A

cellulose

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12
Q

plants store carbohydrates as?

A

starch and sucrose

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13
Q

give me an example of a flowering plant

A

cereal- maize or herbaceous legume-peas and beans

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14
Q

are animal cells multicellular or not and do they carry out photosynthesis

A

they are multicellular organisms and they do not carry out photosynthesis as they do not contain chloroplasts

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15
Q

do animal cells have a cell wall

A

no animal cells do not have a cell wall

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16
Q

what do animal cells store carbohydrates as?

A

glycogen

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17
Q

are fungi single celled or multicellular organisms

A

they can be both

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18
Q

what is their body made from

fungi

A

it is organised into a mycelium made from thread like structures - which are hyphae which contain many nuclei

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19
Q

wht is the cell wall of fungi made up of

A

chitin

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20
Q

what type of nutrition do they carry out (fungi)

A

saprotrophic nutrition

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21
Q

what does fungi store carbohydrates as?

A

glycogen

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22
Q

give me a multicellular and a unicellular type of fungi

A

the unicellular is yeast and the multicellular is mucor

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23
Q

are protoctists single celled or multicellular?

A

single celled

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24
Q

what are two types and what are their characteristics

protoctists

A

amoeba- lives in pond water and have features like animal cells
chlorella- have chloroplasts and have features like plant cells

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25
Q

what is a prokaryotic organism

A

bacteria

26
Q

what is a pathogenic example?

A

plasmodium which causes malaria

27
Q

what are bacteria

A

microscopic single celled organisms

28
Q

what do the bacteria cells contain and not contain

A

they contain:
- cell wall
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- plasmids
- circular chromosomes of DNA

they don’t contain
- a nucleus

29
Q

what are two examples of bacteria and what are their characteristics?

A

lactobacillus- rod shped bacterium used in the production of yogurt from milk
pneumococcus- spherical bacterium that acts as the pathogen causing pneumonia

30
Q

what do pathogens include

A

they include fungi, bacteria, protoctists, and viruses

31
Q

are viruses living or non living

A

non living

32
Q

where can viruses reproduce

A

they can only reproduce inside living cells

33
Q

what do they have instead of a cellular structure?

virus

A

they have a protein coat and they contain one type of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA)

34
Q

what are three examples of viruses

A

tobacco mosaic virus - discoloring of tomato leaves plants. by preventing the formation of chloroplasts
influenza virus- causes the flu
HIV virus- causes AIDS

35
Q

what are the levels of organisation in order?

A
  1. organelle
  2. cells
  3. tissues
  4. organs
  5. organ system
36
Q

what is an organelle?

A

a component within a cell that carries out a specific task

37
Q

what is a cell?

A

basic functional and structural units in a living organism

38
Q

what are tissues?

A

a group of cells of similar structure working together to perform a particular function

39
Q

what are organs?

A

a group of different tissues working together to perform a paticular function

40
Q

what is an organ system?

A

a group of organs with related functions working together to perform body functions within the organism

41
Q

what organelles do animal cells have inside the cytoplasm

A
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • ribosomes
42
Q

what organelles do plant cells have inside the cytoplasm

A
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • ribosomes
  • cell wall
  • chloroplast
  • permanent vacuole
43
Q

what is the function of the nucleus

A

contains the genetic material in chromosomes which control how cells grow and work
it controls cell division

44
Q

what is the function of the cytoplasm

A

it supports the cell structure
it is the site of many chemical reactions
it contains water and many solutes

45
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane

A

it holds the cell together
it controls the substances entering and leaving the cell

46
Q

what is the function of the cell wall

A

it gives the cell extra support and defines its shape
it is made of cellulose (which is a polymer of glucose)

47
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria

A

it is the site of aerobic respiration–> which provides energy to the cell
there will be more mitochondria in cells with higher metabolism which means they carry out many different cell reactions

48
Q

what is the function of the chloroplast

A

it is the site of photosynthesis
the green chlorophyll pigments absorb light energy needed for the reaction to occur

49
Q

what is the function of the ribosomes

A

site of protein production in protein synthesis

50
Q

what is the function of the vacuole

A

contains cell sap
used for storage of certain material
helps support the shape of the cell
and pushes the cytoplasm against the cell wall keeping the cell turgid

51
Q

what is cell differentiation

A

a process by which a cell changes to become specialised

52
Q

in animals, at what stage are most cells able to differentiate

A

at a very early stage so animal cells lose their ability to differentiate early in the life of the organism

53
Q

what are the animal cells that are able to differentiate later in the life of the organism called

A

adult stem cells can differetiate all throughout the life of the organism
they are mainly used to replace and repair cells (such as blood or skin cells)

54
Q

in plants, at what stage are most cells able to differentiate

A

they retain the ability to fully differentiate

55
Q

what are specialised cells

A

they are cells which have developed certain characteristics in order to perform particular functions

56
Q

what is an example of a specialised cell in animals

A

red blood cell
- the function is to transport oxygen
to do this it differentiated into
- a biconcave shape to increase the surface area for more efficient diffusion of oxygen
- it contains hemoglobin which joins with oxygen to transport it
- it contains no nucleus to increase the amount of space available for hemoglobin inside the cell

57
Q

what is an example of a specialised cell in plants

A

root hair cell
- the function is to absorb water and mineral ions from the soil
to do this it differentiated into
- a shape where the surface area is increased to ensure maximum absorption
- the walls are thin to make sure the water moves through quickly
- no chloroplasts since it is underground

58
Q

what are the advantages of using stem cells in medicine

A
  • good potential in treating a wide variety of diseases
  • organs developed from a patient’s own stem cells reduces the risk of rejection
  • adult stem cells are already used in medicine this day to treat a variety of treatments
59
Q

what are the disadvantages of using stem cells in medicine?

A
  • stem cells that are cultured in labs can become infected with a virus which can then be transmitted to the patient
  • cultured stem cells can accumulate mutations that can lead them to developing cancer
  • there are a low number of stem cell donors
60
Q

ethical issues of using stem cells

A
  • is it right to use embryonic stem cells because who gives permission?
  • who owns the embryo in the scenario of an creating an embryo in therapeutic cloning
  • should an embryo be treated as a person with human rights or as a commodity?

biology (5 decks)

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