2320 Master Deck Flashcards
Compare/contrast protective headgear CSA classes G, E, and C.
All CSA Z94.1 headwear is:
- resistant to blunt-force impact
- resistant to penetration by pointed objects
- avoid degradation in heat & bright light
- passively retained on the head
- must identify electrical performance class inside shell
Class C = conductive
Class G = general use (resistance of 2,200 V)
Class E = electrical trades (resistance of 20,000 V)
What are the 7 CSA classes of eye and face protector?
1, Spectacles 2, Goggles 3, Welding helmets 4, Welding hand shields 5, Non-rigid hoods 6, Face shields 7, Respirator facepieces
Discuss CSA grade 1 and 2 protective footwear.
CSA Grade 1 protective footwear provides maximum toe impact protection, with sole penetration protection.
Grade 2 provides toe impact protection (lower level protection than grade 1) and sole penetration protection (equal protection to grade 1)
What is a reasonable process for the selection of high-visibility garments for use in the workplace?
1, Determine the nature of the work/hazards.
(directing traffic under 30kph)
2, Review regulation/standard to determine minimum requirement
Type 1, 2, 3?
3, Consult workers/supervisors to determine most appropriate style
(if multiple types acceptable, which is preferred?), (which colour better, orange vs lime green?), (what about differing weather conditions?)
4, Work with suppliers to source garments that comply with regulations and meet workers needs
What are the CSA Z94.2 HPD classes?
Based on sound attenuation, HPDs are placed into three classes, A, B, and C.
A, attenuates 10dB at 125Hz, up to 33 dB at 8000Hz. 31dB at 1000Hz.
B, attenuates 5dB at 125Hz, up to 23dB at 8000Hz. 21dB at 1000Hz.
C, is not required to attenuate sound until 1000Hz, at which time it must attenuate 11dB, up to 13dB at 8000Hz.
**there are two special extra classes, AL and BL.
These are used for devices that qualify as category A or B AND provide at least 20dB attenuation at 125Hz (low frequency protection)
What is the required process for selecting the class, grade and style of hearing protection for workers?
Bigger is not better. Too much protection interferes with work and reduces compliance. Too little protection, fails to protect.
1, perform noise exposure monitoring to determine hazard.
2, Use standard to select appropriate class/grade of protection.
3, Identify suitable options based on work and workplace (temperature, activities)
4, consult with JOHSC/workers/supervisors for input/preference.
Explain the need for a professionally managed PPE program in the workplace.
The appropriate PPE needs to be identified for the hazards of the work.
PPE can interfere with work and comfort. Use when not needed may reduce compliance.
Workers need to know how PPE protects them, and what the limits are. Otherwise they may think they have more protection than they do.
PPE must be maintained, cared for and replaced to ensure it is functioning properly.
If workers and supervisors are not educated/trained in appropriate selection and use of PPE, then they will not choose to use the appropriate PPE.
What 5 indicators suggest an organizations PPE is not effectively managed?
1, PPE decisions are made by the purchasing department, primarily based on cost.
2, Workers are routinely asked to wear PPE, although risk assessment shows that it is not necessary.
3, Workers have little knowledge about their PPE limitations when asked.
4, There is little evidence of a program for PPE upkeep and maintenance.
5, Managers and supervisors are unaware that there are critical choices to be made in the selection of basic PPE (headgear, footwear)
What are typical PPE requirements in Canadian OHS regulations?
1, Workers may be required to provide PPE against natural elements
2, All other PPE must be provided by the employer, at the employer’s cost.
3, Employers must be knowledgeable about hazards and the range of PPE available. PPE selection must be chosen based on this information.
4, Most PPE must meet CSA standards, or another acceptable standard.
5, Employers require a program for maintenance/repair/replacement of PPE.
6, Employers must educate workers about limitations of PPE.
7, A written PPE program should be developed for all PPE. It is required for certain types of PPE.
List some CSA standards for PPE.
CSA Z94.1 - Industrial Protective Headgear
CSA Z94.2 - Hearing Protection Devices, performance, selection, care, and use
CSA Z94.3 - Industrial eye and face protectors
CSA Z94.4 - Selection, use, and care of respirators
CSA Z195 - Protective footwear
CSA Z195.1 - Selection, care, and use of protective footwear
What are the eight hazards that CSA eye and face protectors protect against?
1, Flying objects 2, Flying particles/dust 3, Molten material and sparks 4, Chemical splash 5, Abrasive blasting material 6, Glare and stray visible light 7, Optical radiation (UV, light, infrared) - moderate reduction 8, Optical radiation - large reduction
What are the 6 hazards that CSA Z195 footwear protection may protect against?
1, Toe impact 2, Sole penetration 3, Metatarsal impact 4, Electrical shock 5, Electrical charge build-up 6, Chainsaw cut
footwear will protect against two or more, but never all of the 6 hazards
What are the 6 hazards that CSA Z195 footwear protection may protect against?
1, Toe impact 2, Sole penetration 3, Metatarsal impact 4, Electrical shock 5, Electrical charge build-up 6, Chainsaw cut
footwear will protect against two or more, but never all of the 6 hazards
How are protective footwear identified?
The footwear must have a sewn on label depicting designated markings that indicate the specific protections.
The same information must be printed on the inside of the shoes/boots.
What is the difference in safety equipment with comparable safety ratings when there is a significant price difference.
The price may indicate additional features, comfort, or durability. It does not indicate that the equipment is more or less protective than a cheaper alternative with the same safety rating.
Should protective headgear (hard hats), and high visibility clothing be worn at all times by all workers on a work site?
Not necessarily. Protective equipment should be worn when indicated by hazard assessments and risk evaluations.
When PPE is worn, it should be worn for a reason and the worker should understand what that reason is and what the limits of the protection are.
What legislation governs PPE?
Provincial OHS regulations usually reference known standards, such as CSA standards. Sometimes regulators will develop their own standards instead of or in the absence of pre-existing standards.
BC OHSR Part 8, Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment
also, work activity specific legislation (such as BC OHSR part 18, traffic control - section 18.9 & 18.10)
What are the WorkSafeBC Standard types of high visibility garment?
Type 1, vest/shirt/similar
Type 2, jacket/coat/coveralls/similar
Type 3, harness/harness affixed to another garment (such as a harness stitched to a vest)
Discuss OHS regulations for HPDs.
All Canadian OHS regulations have similar provisions for Hearing Protection Devices.
HPDs may only be used when all reasonable engineering and administrative controls have been implemented and noise levels remain above exposure limits.
A professional process must be used to select HPD that are appropriate for the amount and type of noise present.
BC OHS Regulation, Part 7
List four CSA Z94.2 recognized HPD devices.
Earplugs
- foam/rolldown
- pre-moulded
- formable
- custom moulded
- semi-insert/canal cap (superaural)
Earmuffs
- headband
- hardhat attached
Helmets (such as for pilots)
How does the CSA assign a class or grade to hearing protection?
The class of a HPD is based on the dB attenuated, based on the sound frequency in Hz. A being the highest protection, C the lowest.
The grade of a HPD is based on the attenuation achieved with 84% of workers (evaluating fit). Grade 0 is the lowest, and grade 4 is the highest protection.
What are the CSA Z94.2 HPD grades?
If 84% of workers, when fitted with the device achieve ≤9dB sound reduction outside, then they device is grade 0.
If 84% of workers, when fitted achieve ≥22dB sound reduction, then the device is grade 4.
Grade 1 is 10-13
Grade 2 is 14-17
Grade 3 is 18-21
How is hearing protection rated in the USA?
Noise Reduction Rating, in dB.
How much noise is OK?
Sound below 70dB may be too low. If overprotection reduces sound to this level, then it may interfere with work.
Ideally, sound levels should be 75-80dB.
Sound greater than 85dB carries an increasing risk of hearing loss.
What is the “permeation rate”?
The rate at which a chemical passes through a glove or clothing material.
What is “breakthrough time”?
The elapsed time between contact with a chemical on the outside of a glove/garment and the time that the chemical is first detected on the inside.
Example, acetone has a fast breakthrough time with nitrile gloves, but a slow breakthrough time with butyl rubber gloves.
Where can an OHS professional find information on the most suitable material for protection against chemicals?
The best information is found on the SDS sheet.
There are also a variety of published guides that can supplement the SDS.
What are the 5 classes of materials for protective gloves/garments?
1, Natural rubber (latex)
2, Synthetic rubber (butyl, neoprene, nitrile, viron)
3, Synthetic polymers (Tyvek, Silvershield, CPF)
4, Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
5, Other materials (Polyvinyl chloride, PVC)
What are the 4 main hazard types to consider for protective gloves and clothing?
Chemical hazards
Biological hazards
Physical hazards (temperature, vibration)
Mechanical hazards
Discuss considerations for protective gloves/clothing against biological agents.
Typically gloves/clothing to protect against biological agents are used in medical workplaces. As such, there is a need to protect against bodily fluid exposure and cuts/punctures. There is a need to allow for manipulation of fine instruments.
Natural latex used to be the material of choice, but it is now synthetic nitrile rubber due to people with allergies.
Vinyl is popular as an inexpensive option, although the properties lead to a poorer fit.
Discuss considerations for protective gloves against physical vibration hazards.
Vibration can cause HAVS (Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome).
Many gloves marketed as anti-vibration do not do what they claim, and some increase risks.
There are standards for anti-vibration gloves, but they are not referred to in any North American legislation (they are in areas of Europe).
Discuss gloves to protect against cuts and abrasions.
Leather, heavy cotton, and mixtures of both are most commonly used to protect against cuts and abrasions.
The standard ‘work glove’.
Stainless steel can be incorporated into gloves to protect more against cuts, particularly with metal work, meet cutting, and other higher risk activities.
Kevlar has become an alternative/popular inexpensive material that protects against cuts and puncture without absorbing a lot of water.
Protective gloves may have grips added, such as dots/strips of neoprene to improve grip. Especially with Kevlar gloves because the material is slippery.
Discuss leg protective devices.
Commonly called chaps, or chainsaw pants.
There is no Canada-wide standard for leg protective devices. BC has it’s own standard in part 8 of the OHSR, which some other regulators recognize.
Chaps often work by containing loosely woven fibers behind a barrier that, when broken, rapidly bind the teeth of a chainsaw while also forming a barrier between the chain and the leg.
What are the four general categories of hazard that respirators might protect against?
Chemical agents
Biological agents
Ionizing radiation attached to particulate material
Oxygen deficiency
What is an APR respirator?
An Air Purifying Respirator uses a filter or cartridge to clean air before it is breathed in.
What are the types of respirator?
APR, non-powered
- half-face
- –filtering facepiece (mask is filter)
- –elastomeric (uses filters/cartridges)
- full-face
- –always elastomeric
APR, powered (PAPR)
- half-face elastomeric
- full-face elastomeric
- hood
- helmet
- loose-fitting facepiece
Air-supplying respirators
- Supplied-air (airline)
- Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
- Combination, supplied with auxiliary self-contained supply
Escape Respirators
(may be APR or ASR)
Discuss filters and cartridges for respirators.
Filters a made of a fibrous material that traps particles as you breathe. This mechanically filters the air.
Cartridges contain sorbent materials, chemicals, or both.
Sorbent materials (activated charcoal) bind to contaminants to remove them from the air. Chemicals react with specific air contaminants to alter their composition.
Some respirators can be fitted with multiple cartridges for multiple functions.
What is NIOSH?
National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety (US agency)
What respirators are approved for use in BC?
All respirators must be NIOSH approved and unmodified unless they have been specifically approved by WorkSafeBC use.
WorkSafeBC does not accept single-strap “dust masks”. They must all have two or more straps for secure fit.
Discuss particulate filters
NIOSH filter types:
N = not oil resistant R = oil resistant (OK for 1 shift with oil) P = oil-proof (OK for more than 1 shift with oil)
Efficiency: 95 = 95% 99 = 99% 100 = 99.97% (aka HEPA) High-Efficiency Particulate Air filter
List four examples of contaminants where WorkSafeBC requires HEPA filter respirators.
Asbestos
Lead
Hantavirus
Cadmium
What are TWA and ceiling limits?
The ceiling limit is the absolute maximum concentration (ppm) of a substance that a worker may be exposed to.
The TWA, Time-Weighted Average, is the maximum average concentration that a worker may be exposed to over an 8-hour period.
When should an air-supplying respirator be used?
When there are high levels of contaminant.
When contaminants are highly toxic.
When the contaminant has poor warning qualities and end-of-life cartridge indicators for APR are unavailable.
When cartridges/filters are unable to effectively remove the contaminant (nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrous oxide)
Discuss respirator Protection Factor (PF)
aka APF, Assigned Protection Factor
NIOSH and ANSI perform standard tests to measure the ability of a respirator to reduce contaminants.
The PF (protection factor) is the ratio between contaminant in exposure air and purified air.
If contaminant is 100ppm, and purified is 10ppm, then the ratio is 100:10, 10:1. PF =10.
If contaminant is 1000ppm, and purified is 10ppm, then the ratio is 1000:10, 100:1. PF =100.
If contaminant is 50,000ppm, and purified is 100ppm, then the ratio is 50,000:100, 500:1. PF =500.
What are the two basic types of respirators?
Air purifying
Air supplying
What are the two basic types of AS respirator?
Airline
SCBA
Discuss regulations for respirators.
Respirators are often highly regulated in provincial OHS regulations. Part 8, BC OHSR.
Respirators must meet published standards, also selection of respirators and it testing must also meet published standards.
There are no Canadian agencies that approve respirators, and NIOSH is usually used.
List the steps to choosing a respirator.
1, Hazard identification
2, Check hazard concentration
3, Compare hazards/concentrations with exposure limits
4, Check IDLH concentration
5, Check hazard properties and select possible respirator types
(eye irritant? skin irritant?)
[use SDS to help]
6, Check APF (assigned protection factors)
7, Compare APF needed, to APF of identified respirators
8, Compare MUC (maximum use concentration) to the contaminant concentration.
9, Identify the general class of respirator required (ASR vs APR)
10, What is the state of the contaminant? (gas/vapour, particulate, both)
11, What are the warning properties of the contaminant? (smell, etc.)
12, Select the appropriate filter/cartridge.
13, Are there any special requirements?
- worker comfort
- work activity needs
- worker with corrective lenses
What is a respirator MUC?
Maximum Use Concentration
Determined by multiplying the respirator’s APF (assigned protection factor) by the TWA.
This indicates the maximum contaminant the respirator is demonstrated to be effective against.
Discuss user seal or fit checks for respirators.
Every time a worker uses a respirator, they should conduct user seal check (aka fit check).
Both a negative and positive pressure test should be performed, unless the respirator resign prevents one of these being done.
Negative Check
Block the valves etc. and inhale slightly. Hold for 10s. Ensure no leaks.
Positive Check
Block valves etc. and exhale slightly. Hold for 10s. Ensure no leaks.
Discuss Mask Fit Testing
Qualitative and quantitative tests possible. Required at least annually.
Quantitative requires special equipment to measure concentrations of contaminant in/out of mask.
Qualitative more common. Three main methods.
1, Odour Test
Banana oil - tests cartridges, not filters
(vapour, not irritating, pleasant odour, easy to use, can be a problem with latex allergy)
2, Irritation Test
Irritant Smoke
(fume, easy to use, highly irritating)
3, Taste Test
Bitrex and Saccharin
(Messy, a test hood is required)
What are the general classes of hazardous energy in the workplace?
Kinetic Chemical Potential Thermal Electrical Radiation
What is de-energization?
De-energization is the process of ensuring that energy from machinery/equipment is contained and unable to be released into a worker that may be working in the normal path of that energy.
What resources should be used when determining whether de-energization or lockout are required for a work process?
1, Regulations
2, Technical manual from manufacturer
3, Input from qualified workers
What is a control system isolating device?
A device that physically prevents activation of a system used for controlling machinery or equipment.
What is an energy isolating device?
A device that physically prevents the transmission or release of an energy source to machinery or equipment.
What is a key securing system?
A system which physically prevents access to keys when locks or positive sealing devices are applied in a group lockout procedure.
What does the term lockout mean?
The use of a lock(s) to render machinery or equipment inoperable or to isolate an energy source in accordance with a written procedure.
What is “maintenance” according to BC OHS legislation?
Work performed to keep machinery or equipment in safe operating condition, including repairing, installing, cleaning, lubricating, and clearing of obstructions to normal flow.
What is “normal production” according to BC OHS regulations? Context, de-energization & lockout.
Work that is routine, repetitive, and integral to the normal use of machinery or equipment for production.
What are the standard rules regarding personal locks?
1, They must be key locks, not combination.
2, Each lock much be individually keyed with only the owner having the key (with possible exception of a spare with supervisor/manager)
3, Most jurisdictions (incl’ BC) require that locks be identified/labelled
4, In most situations, every worker must apply their own lock on machines during work.
What is the standard process for re-energization?
1, The worker who did the de-energization/lockout checks that the equipment is clear and safe of obstruction/workers. The machine is then observed to ensure no person enters the energy path after inspection
2, The worker removes their lock and re-activates the main energy-isolating device.
Who should apply a multi-lock hasp?
The person with the primary responsibility, who performed the five steps of DE/L, should apply the multi-lock hasp and secure their lock in the first position.
What is a multi-lock hasp?
A device that can be used in place of a padlock, which has spaces for multiple padlocks to be applied.
This allows for multiple individuals to each secure a device with their own personal lock.
What are the steps of de-energization and lockout?
1, De-energization
Identify and shut off the main energy-isolating device.
2, Confirm de-energization
Confirm that there are no workers in the path of energy, and then test the equipment to conform that the energy is controlled.
3,Assure continued de-energization
Apply a personal lock.
What is a group lockout procedure?
A procedure that can be used when there are multiple energy-isolating devices that require lockout and there are multiple workers involved.
It reduces the need for excessive numbers of personal locks.
1, TWO qualified workers perform standard DE/L procedures for each device.
2, The keys to the locks are locked in a box, and the box is secured with a multi-lock hasp.
3, Each worker puts their personal lock on the hasp.
4, Each worker removes their own lock when they have completed work and are no longer in the path of energy.
5, When all locks are removed, TWO designated/qualified workers re-energize the devices together following standard procedures.
What should be done if a worker leaves and forgets to remove their personal lock?
1, All reasonable steps must be taken to contact the worker and confirm that they are not in the path of energy.
2, The supervisor may take responsibility for removing the lock, and the lock may be removed in the worker’s absence.
3, The device is re-energized following normal procedures, including confirming that there are no workers in the path of energy.
(this is prescribed in the BC OHSR)
What legislation governs de-energization and lockout?
BC OHS Regulation, Part 10.
Additionally, there are a number of design standards to ensure that equipment has de-energization and lockout design features/instructions.
Discuss why there is a section in the BC OHSR dedicated to de-energization/lockout, and how inspections handle violations.
- Regulators have not found another method to assure the same level of safety
- There is a long history of injuries and deaths where rules were not followed.
- Violations are still being noted during inspections and there is a known gap in education/training/attitude.
If an inspector encounters a violation in BC they will immediately stop work, and issue a penalty to the employer and/or worker.
When the main energy-activating device for a machine is a valve, what is the DE/L proedure?
1, Close the valve
2, Bleed the remaining energy from the system if possible
3, Apply a valve lockout device with a personal lock
4, Confirm that there are no people in the path of energy
5, Test the equipment to confirm de-energization
Who is responsible for the five steps of DE/L in a multi-person lockout?
The person that applies the hasp is responsible for the 5 basic steps of DE/L.
Ideally this person should be one of the most experienced/knowledgeable in DE/L procedures.
The responsibility of re-energization may fall on the last worker to remove their lock, unless there is an employer designated responsible person.
Why are most radiation sources of energy controlled with electrical energy DE/L procedures?
Most sources of radiation require electricity to operate. Electrical DE/L eliminates the possibility of radiation.
-This is applicable to ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.
How are plugged in machines typically managed for DE/L?
The machine is unplugged and male end of the cable kept in full sight/control of the worker.
This is acceptable as DE/L without the use of physical lockout.
If the male-end of the cable is not under full sight/control of the worker, then standard lockout procedures are required.
What are the five basic steps of DE/L?
1, Identify the machinery/equipment that requires DE/L
2, Shut off the machinery/equipment, and wait for all moving parts/process to come to a complete stop.
3, Locate and de-activate the main energy-isolating device
4, Apply a personal lock
5, Test the effectiveness of the DE/L (try to start machine)
What is voltage?
Voltage is the potential difference between a conductor and the ground.
It is the electrical pressure, or power.
Volts.
What is current? Context, electricity.
Current is the quantity or volume of electricity.
amps.
Name the regulations, standards, and codes governing the installation and design of electrical conductors and electrical powered equipment.
Provincial electrical codes and regulations are usually based on the Canadian Electrical code, and CSA 22.1, 22.2, and 22.3.
In BC this is the Electrical Safety Act, and Electrical Safety Regulation
Additionally, OHS regulations usually cover some electrical safety. There is often overlap between the legislation.
BC OHSR Part 19. Electrical Safety
The BC OHSR references the Electrical Safety Regulation.
What regulations govern work practices on and near energized equipment?
1, Provincial electrical code and regulations
(usually based on the Canadian Electrical Code, CAS 22.1, CAS 22.2, CAS 22.3)
In BC this is the Electrical Safety Act, and Electrical Safety Regulation
2, Provincial OHS regulations associated with electrical safety
In BC, this is the BC OHSR Part 19.
There is often overlap between electrical safety and OHS safety regulations.
What is GFCI? Context, electrical safety.
A Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter is a device that monitors the current in the hot and neutral wires of a cord. If there is 5 mA or more leakage, then the GFCI will cur the power.
A GFCI is not the same as a circuit breaker or fuse in an electrical panel. These trip when the current through the wire is too high, typically 10-30 A. At 10 A, the current is high enough to cause electrocution.
What is electrical resistance?
Electrical resistance is the amount that a material reduces the flow of electricity.
Ohms.
What is ohms law?
V = I x R (Voltage = current x resistance)
Variation
I = P ÷ E
V, voltage I, current (intensity) R, resistance P, power (watts) E, voltage (electromotive force, older notation than V)
