232. Problems in Intubation and Extubation

Question 1

What percentage of perianesthesia critical incidents are associated with perioperative respiratory adverse events (PRAEs)?

Answer 1

Nearly three-quarters

This statistic highlights the importance of airway management in pediatric anesthesia.

Question 2

What are imperative skills for managing the airway of neonates, infants, and children?

Answer 2

Proper sedation techniques and effective maintenance of oxygenation

These skills are crucial for safe patient care during procedures.

Question 3

What is a structured approach to endotracheal tube (ETT) placement aimed at?

Answer 3

Increased success rate and decreased incidence of complications

This approach also addresses timing and method of extubation.

Question 4

What common conditions can contribute to difficult airway scenarios in children?

Answer 4

• Craniofacial disorders
• Chromosomal abnormalities
• Metabolic diseases

These conditions can cause upper airway obstruction.

Question 5

What syndrome is characterized by micrognathia and glossoptosis?

Answer 5

Pierre-Robin sequence

This condition can lead to airway obstruction and difficult intubation.

Question 6

What are the features of Treacher-Collins syndrome?

Answer 6

• Hypoplastic maxilla, zygomatic, mandible
• Small mouth, high-arched palate
• Variable association with cleft palate

This syndrome can lead to severe airway obstruction.

Question 7

What are the main airway management considerations for Crouzon syndrome?

Answer 7

• Difficult-to-impossible mask ventilation
• Intubation may be easy or difficult
• Obstructive sleep apnea may require tracheostomy

This syndrome involves midface hypoplasia and other anatomical challenges.

Question 8

What is the impact of Hurler syndrome on airway management?

Answer 8

Difficult mask ventilation and difficult intubation

Mucopolysaccharide deposits lead to tongue enlargement and airway obstruction.

Question 9

What factors increase the risk of dental injury during laryngoscopy in children?

Answer 9

• Loose decidual teeth
• Preexisting poor dentition
• Misaligned teeth

These factors are particularly prevalent in 6- to 12-year-old children.

Question 10

What are some common problems during intubation?

Answer 10

• Difficult laryngoscopy
• Aspiration during laryngoscopy
• Dental oropharyngeal injury

These problems can arise from patient-related and anesthesiologist-related factors.

Question 11

True or False: Hypoxemia can result from difficult ventilation due to patient factors.

Answer 11

True

Factors such as morbid obesity and chronic lung disease can lead to hypoxemia.

Question 12

What complications may arise following successful ETT placement?

Answer 12

• Bronchospasm
• Laryngospasm
• Upper airway obstruction

These complications can be influenced by both patient and anesthesiologist factors.

Question 13

In the context of airway management, what does ETT stand for?

Answer 13

Endotracheal tube

ETT is a common tool used for securing the airway during anesthesia.

Question 14

Fill in the blank: Craniofacial disorders can lead to _______ during anesthesia.

Answer 14

difficult airway scenarios

These disorders often change the anatomy, complicating airway management.