224. Induction Techniques Flashcards
What are the techniques for induction of general anesthesia in children?
Inhalational, intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), rectal, and combinations of these modalities.
What factors influence the choice of induction technique for children?
Age of the child, level of cooperation, surgical procedure, medical history, plan for discharge, and preferences of anesthesiologists, family, and the patient.
True or False: Parental presence during induction is beneficial for all children.
False
When is appropriate parental presence reserved during anesthesia induction?
For elective procedures and children with stranger and separation anxiety.
Inhalational induction is most commonly performed due to its _______.
[noninvasive nature]
What is the initial mixture used in inhalational induction for sedation?
Nitrous oxide–oxygen mixture in a 2:1 ratio.
What is the typical dosage of propofol for induction in children?
2–3 mg/kg.
What are the contraindications for using inhalational agents?
Risk for malignant hyperthermia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
What are the side effects of etomidate?
Pain on injection, myoclonic movements, postoperative nausea and vomiting, potential adrenal suppression.
What is the role of ketamine as an induction agent?
It has analgesic properties and bronchodilating effects.
What is the onset of action for intramuscular ketamine?
Approximately 4–6 minutes.
Fill in the blank: Nonintravenous agents are for patients who are _______.
[uncooperative, cognitively handicapped, and refuse all modes of sedation]
What is a common provider-induced error during mask ventilation?
Upper airway obstruction.
What are typical maneuvers to relieve upper airway obstruction?
Jaw thrust, neck extension, applying CPAP of at least 10–15 cm H2O.
What can trigger laryngospasm during induction?
Insufficient depth of anesthesia, blood or secretions in the airway, mechanical airway stimulation.
