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Z. 0Higher Human Biology > 2.3 - The Biology Of Controlling Fertility > Flashcards

2.3 - The Biology Of Controlling Fertility Flashcards

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1
Q

What is fertility?

A

Fertility is ability to conceive children.

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2
Q

What type of fertility do men show?

A

Main continuously produce sperm in their testis so show continues fertility.

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3
Q

What type of fertility do women show

A

Women show cyclical fertility, leading to a fertile period which lasts a few days during each menstrual cycle.

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4
Q

What changes happened to woman after ovulation?

A

A woman’s body temperature rises by around 0.5°C after ovulation and her cervical mucus becomes thin and watery.

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5
Q

What are infertility treatments and contraception based on?

A

Infertility treatments and contraception are based on the biology of fertility.

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6
Q

What percentage of couples become pregnant in the first year?

A

84% of couples will conceive naturally within 1 year of having regular, unprotected intercourse.

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7
Q

Percentage chance of pregnancy after 3 years

A

Couples who have been trying to conceive for more than 3 years without success have a 25% chance of becoming pregnant naturally within the next year.

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8
Q

Infertile meaning

A

Someone who is infertile has difficulty conceiving a child

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9
Q

Infertility treatments

A

Fertility drugs which stimulate ovulation

Artificial insemination

Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection

In vitro fertilisation

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10
Q

What can be a cause of female infertility

A

Female infertility can be due to failure to ovulate

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11
Q

How can ovulation be stimulated?

A

Ovulation can be stimulated by drugs that prevent the negative feedback effect of oestrogen on FSH secretion.

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12
Q

How are other ovulation drugs used?

A

Other ovulatory drugs mimic the action of FSH and LH. These drugs can cause super ovulation.

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13
Q

What is super ovulation

A

Super ovulation is the production and release of multiple ova per menstrual cycle that can result in multiple births or be used to collect ova for IVF programmes.

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14
Q

When is artificial insemination useful?

A

Artificial insemination is useful when a male has low sperm count.

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15
Q

Artificial insemination process

A

Several samples of semen are collected over a period of time.

Sperm are placed inside the uterus near an oviduct using a catheter.

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16
Q

What happens is the male partner is sterile?

A

If the male partner is sterile (not producing gametes), sperm from a donor can be used. This is called donor insemination.

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17
Q

When is intracytoplasmic sperm injection used?

A

If mature sperm are defective or very low in numbers ICSI can be used.

18
Q

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) process

A

The head of the sperm is drawn into a needle and injected directly into the egg to achieve fertilisation.

19
Q

What does in vitro refer to?

A

In vitro refers to the manipulation of organs, tissues and cells in a controlled artificial environment.

20
Q

What do hormonal treatments stimulate

A

Hormonal treatments stimulates the development of multiple follicles

21
Q

In vitro fertilisation treatment

(IVF) process

A

Ova are surgically removed from the ovaries using a hollow needle and then mixed with sperm in a culture dish.

The zygotes are then incubated until they have formed at least 8 cells and are then transferred to the uterus for implantation.

22
Q

How can IVF be used in conjunction with pre-implantation genetic screening?

A

IVF can be used in conjunction with pre-implantation genetic screening to identify genetic disorders and chromosome abnormalities.

23
Q

What does pre-implantation genetic screening tests ensure?

A

It ensures the most suitable embryos for insemination and implantation.

24
Q

Contraception definition

A

The intentional prevention of conception or pregnancy by natural or artificial means.

25
Q

What groups can contraception be organised into?

A

Contraception can be organised into 2 groups

  • physical
  • chemical
26
Q

How do Physical methods of contraception work

A

Physical methods of contraception physically prevent fertilisation or embryo implantation.

27
Q

What do physical methods of contraception include?

A

Barrier methods

Avoiding fertile periods

Intra-uterine devices

Sterilisation

28
Q

How do barrier methods of contraception work?

A

Barrier methods use a device to physically block sperm from reaching the ovum therefore preventing pregnancy.

29
Q

Examples of barrier methods of contraception

A

Male condom

Female condom

Diaphragm

Cervical cap

30
Q

What is an intra-uterine device (IUD)

A

An IUD is a small T-shaped plastic and copper device that is inserted into the uterus.

31
Q

How does an intra-uterine device (IUD) work and how effective are they

A

The IUD releases copper and prevents pregnancy for between 5 to 10 years. They are more than 99% effective at preventing pregnancy.

32
Q

What is sterilisation

A

Sterilisation as an operation to permanently prevent pregnancy.

33
Q

What does female sterilisation involve?

A

Female sterilisation involves cutting, tying or blocking the oviducts.

34
Q

What does male sterilisation involve?

A

Male sterilisation involves cutting, tying or blocking the sperm ducts.

35
Q

What is the oral contraceptive pill and how affective is it?

A

The oral contraceptive pill is a chemical method of contraception.

It is over 99% effective at preventing pregnancy.

36
Q

What does the oral contraceptive pill contain

A

The oral contraceptive pill contains a combination of synthetic oestrogen and progesterone.



37
Q

What do the synthetic hormones in the oral contraceptive pill do

A

The synthetic oestrogen and progesterone hormones mimic negative feedback, preventing the release of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland.

38
Q

How does the oral contraceptive pill work

A

The oral contraceptive pill works by preventing ovulation. It also thickens the cervical mucus and thins the endometrium.

39
Q

What does the progesterone only pill cause

A

The progesterone only pill, also known as the mini pill, causes the thickening of the cervical mucus.

40
Q

What is the morning after pill and what does it do?

A

The morning after pill is a form of emergency contraception which prevents ovulation or implantation.

Z. 0Higher Human Biology (19 decks)

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