2.3. technology and cultural change

Question 1

Product lifecycle stages

Answer 1

introduction, growth, maturity, decline, evolution

Question 2

demand/customer pull

Answer 2

where designers respond to demand from consumers for desirable product features

Question 3

technology push

Answer 3

research and development costs lead to the technology push of new ideas

Question 4

planned obsolescence

Answer 4

where products are designed to fail and be replaced

Question 5

evolution of products

Answer 5

generally caused by new technologies, manufacturing methods, materials. research and development departments explore and develop new ideas for companies

Question 6

why be aware of socio economics in design

Answer 6

customer demand influences scales of production and units created
poor understanding of consumers can lead to lack of interest
enables designers to develop and market products more successfully
helps companies understand what trends are and why they have happened
might need to adjust price etc in reaction

Question 7

post ww1

Answer 7

1914-1918
development of materials and technology were used in civilian products such as tubular steel rather than wood
huge influence on bauhaus
allowed mass production set up
wassily chair, fokkar plane

Question 8

ww2

Answer 8

1939-1945
rationing, producing more practical designs
utility furniture schemes targeted solving product shortages, led by gordon russell, prioritised people made homeless, strong and simple
flat packed furniture

Question 9

contemporary times

Answer 9

developments of technologies and materials, decorative and fashionable

Question 10

council of industrial design COID

Answer 10

established in 1944, founded by hugh dalton, created by winston churchill’s wartime government to tackle the post war economic recovery
gave way to design council in 1972 who advise government on design and focus on products
promote by all practiceable means the improvements of design in the products of british industry

Question 11

microelectronics

Answer 11

1940s first transistor invented by william shockley
1940s transistor used for portable radios

Question 12

transistor

Answer 12

electronic switches that can be made to join up two of their contacts by allowing a small flow of electric current to arrive at a 3rd connection
semi conductor properties of silicone

Question 13

integrated circuits

Answer 13

consist of multiple transistors
formed on a silicone chip using photolithography

Question 14

Moores law

Answer 14

predicted correctly in 1965 that every year ICs would contain twice as many transistors

Question 15

internet of things IoT

Answer 15

networking of multiple microelectronic devices using WiFi and the internet
such as ring doorbell

Question 16

new materials

Answer 16

modern, smart, nano

Question 17

advancements in CAD/CAM

Answer 17

standardised file formats to connect a range of software to hardware
use of 3D printing
use of FEA and CFD in CAD simulations
cloud based packages
virtual reality systems

Question 18

new methods of manufacture

Answer 18

electrohydraulic forming - car parts
3D printing of metals - on off prototyping
fibre injection moulding - lightweight parts for aerospace
laser beam welding - shipbuilding and construction
physical vapour deposition - food packaging, machinery

Question 19

sustainable materials

Answer 19

6rs, energy sources, animal testing, investment in staff

Question 20

cultural acceptability

Answer 20

need to be aware of offensive products and marketing to different companies

Question 21

inclusive design

Answer 21

where products and services are accessible to as many people as possible without the need for specialist design

Question 22

social problems

Answer 22

designers can encourage social change and positive social behaviour in their designs

Question 23

fairtrade

Answer 23

negotiates with buyers to secure fair prices for the farmers/producers of the good as well as their ethical treatment