2.3 - TBI Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Which produces less severe injuries: Acceleration or Non-Acceleration injuries?

A

Non-Acceleration

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2
Q

What are the primary consequences of Non-Acceleration Injuries?

(3)

A

Deformation of skull

Impression trauma (blow deforms head at place of impact)

Ellipsoidal deformation (skull changed from oval shape to circular due to force of blow)

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of Acceleration Injuries?

A

Linear acceleration

Angular acceleration

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4
Q

What happens in a Linear Acceleration Injury?

2

A

Brain moves straight along a linear path

Coup + Counter-Coup injuries

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5
Q

What happens in an Angular Acceleration Injury?

A

Brain rotates at an angle, twists, or rolls

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6
Q

What are 4 consequences of acceleration injuries?

A

Cranial Nerve Injuries

Diffuse Axonal Injury

Lacerations

Contusions

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7
Q

Where do Lacerations occur in acceleration injuries?

A

Cuts primarily occurring in frontal and temporal

poles

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8
Q

What are Contusions that occur in acceleration injuries?

A

Cerebral bruising

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9
Q

What is a TBI?

A

(Traumatic Brain Injury)

Structural disconnection/disruption of functional neural networks

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10
Q

What is a Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)?

A

Axon is torn due causing neuron to die

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11
Q

Do Diffuse Axonal Injuries (DAI) occur in isolation?

A

No. They will be accompanied by bleeding, swelling, etc.

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12
Q

What is Microglial Activation?

Why does this happen?

A

A buildup of proteins that occurs when axon is damaged

Initially it seems to help with healing but eventually kills the neuron

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13
Q

Why is Microglial Activation (MA) important to neural research?

A

Microglia-mediated inflammation seems to hold the key to healing neural damage in the future

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14
Q

What do CT/MRI/fMRIs detect?

A

Structural changes

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15
Q

How well do CT/MRI/fMRIs detect DAIs?

2

A

Not very well at the microscopic level

Better if very severe

(Diffuse Axonal Injuries)

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16
Q

When are CTs used in a TBI timeline?

How are they used? (2)

A

Acute phase

//

Earliest establishes a baseline

IDs treatable injuries (SDH, contusions, fractures, edema, etc.)

17
Q

When are MRIs used in a TBI timeline?

How are they used?

A

Chronic phase

Measures changes

18
Q

How are fMRIs used in TBI patients?

2

A

Measures regional blood perfusion

Measures blood oxygenation changes

19
Q

What is Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) used to measure in TBI patients?

A

Integrity of white matter tract

20
Q

What is Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) used to measure in TBI patients?

A

Detection of wide spread metabolic changes

21
Q

What is Single photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) used to measure in TBI patients?

(2)

A

Functional brain activity

Cerebral metabolism

22
Q

What is Magnetoencephalography (MAG) used to measure in TBI patients?

A

Electrical activity

23
Q

What are 5 Secondary Injuries that can occur with TBIs?

A

Hemorrhage

Hematoma

Cerebral Edema

Hypoxia

Seizures

24
Q

What is a Cranial Hemorrhage?

A

Ongoing bleeding

25
Q

What is a Hematoma?

A

Collection of blood in the meninges or brain

26
Q

What are the 4 types of Hematomas?

A

Epidural

Subdural

Subarchnoid

Intracerebral

27
Q

What is an Epidural Hematoma?

A

Superior to the Dura Mater

28
Q

What is a Subdural Hematoma?

A

Between the Dura Mater and the Arachnoid Mater

29
Q

What is a Subarachnoid Hematoma?

A

Between the Arachnoid Mater and the Pia Mater

30
Q

What is an Intracerebral Hematoma?

A

Within the cortex

31
Q

What is Cerebral Edema?

A

Swelling of the brain

32
Q

What is Hypoxia?

A

Low oxygen levels