2.3: Procedural LTM

Question 1

Outline and evaluate episodic and procedural long-term memory (12 marks)

Answer 1

Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events)

Question 2

Outline and evaluate episodic and procedural long-term memory (12 marks).
Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events), like what?

Answer 2

Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events), like your friend’s wedding

Question 3

Outline and evaluate episodic and procedural long-term memory (12 marks).
Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events), like your friend’s wedding.
Episodic memories are what?

Answer 3

Episodic memories are explicit

Question 4

Outline and evaluate episodic and procedural long-term memory (12 marks).
Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events), like your friend’s wedding.
Episodic memories are explicit (what)?

Answer 4

Episodic memories are explicit (declarative)

Question 5

Outline and evaluate episodic and procedural long-term memory (12 marks).
Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events), like your friend’s wedding.
Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means what?

Answer 5

Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they’re recalled only if consciously thought about

Question 6

Outline and evaluate episodic and procedural long-term memory (12 marks).
Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events), like your friend’s wedding.
Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they’re recalled only if consciously thought about.
What is procedural LTM?

Answer 6

Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, without having to concentrate on how to do them

Question 7

Outline and evaluate episodic and procedural long-term memory (12 marks).
Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events), like your friend’s wedding.
Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they’re recalled only if consciously thought about.
Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like what, without having to concentrate on how to do them?

Answer 7

Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them

Question 8

Outline and evaluate episodic and procedural long-term memory (12 marks).
Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events), like your friend’s wedding.
Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they’re recalled only if consciously thought about.
Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them.
Procedural memories are what?

Answer 8

Procedural memories are implicit

Question 9

Outline and evaluate episodic and procedural long-term memory (12 marks).
Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events), like your friend’s wedding.
Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they’re recalled only if consciously thought about.
Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them.
Procedural memories are implicit (what?)

Answer 9

Procedural memories are implicit (non-declarative)

Question 10

Outline and evaluate episodic and procedural long-term memory (12 marks).
Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events), like your friend’s wedding.
Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they’re recalled only if consciously thought about.
Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them.
Procedural memories are implicit (non-declarative), which means what?

Answer 10

Procedural memories are implicit (non-declarative), which means that they don’t require conscious thought to be recalled

Question 11

Outline and evaluate episodic and procedural long-term memory (12 marks).
Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events), like your friend’s wedding.
Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they’re recalled only if consciously thought about.
Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them.
Procedural memories are implicit (non-declarative), which means that they don’t require conscious thought to be recalled.

First AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 11

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for episodic LTM

Question 12

Outline and evaluate episodic and procedural long-term memory (12 marks).
Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events), like your friend’s wedding.
Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they’re recalled only if consciously thought about.
Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them.
Procedural memories are implicit (non-declarative), which means that they don’t require conscious thought to be recalled.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for episodic LTM.
Example

Answer 12

For example, Herlitz et al. assessed explicit LTM abilities in 1,000 Swedish participants

Question 13

Outline and evaluate episodic and procedural long-term memory (12 marks).
Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events), like your friend’s wedding.
Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they’re recalled only if consciously thought about.
Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them.
Procedural memories are implicit (non-declarative), which means that they don’t require conscious thought to be recalled.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for episodic LTM.
For example, Herlitz et al. assessed explicit LTM abilities in 1,000 Swedish participants, finding what?

Answer 13

For example, Herlitz et al. assessed explicit LTM abilities in 1,000 Swedish participants, finding that females consistently performed better than males on talks requiring episodic LTM

Question 14

Outline and evaluate episodic and procedural long-term memory (12 marks).
Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events), like your friend’s wedding.
Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they’re recalled only if consciously thought about.
Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them.
Procedural memories are implicit (non-declarative), which means that they don’t require conscious thought to be recalled.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for episodic LTM.
For example, Herlitz et al. assessed explicit LTM abilities in 1,000 Swedish participants, finding that females consistently performed better than males on talks requiring episodic LTM, although what?

Answer 14

For example, Herlitz et al. assessed explicit LTM abilities in 1,000 Swedish participants, finding that females consistently performed better than males on talks requiring episodic LTM, although there were no differences in semantic LTM ability

Question 15

Outline and evaluate episodic and procedural long-term memory (12 marks).
Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events), like your friend’s wedding.
Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they’re recalled only if consciously thought about.
Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them.
Procedural memories are implicit (non-declarative), which means that they don’t require conscious thought to be recalled.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for episodic LTM.
For example, Herlitz et al. assessed explicit LTM abilities in 1,000 Swedish participants, finding that females consistently performed better than males on talks requiring episodic LTM, although there were no differences in semantic LTM ability.
What does this suggest?

Answer 15

This suggests that there are gender differences in episodic memory ability

Question 16

Outline and evaluate episodic and procedural long-term memory (12 marks).
Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events), like your friend’s wedding.
Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they’re recalled only if consciously thought about.
Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them.
Procedural memories are implicit (non-declarative), which means that they don’t require conscious thought to be recalled.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for episodic LTM.
For example, Herlitz et al. assessed explicit LTM abilities in 1,000 Swedish participants, finding that females consistently performed better than males on talks requiring episodic LTM, although there were no differences in semantic LTM ability.
This suggests that there are gender differences in episodic memory ability, which may be explained in part by what?

Answer 16

This suggests that there are gender differences in episodic memory ability, which may be explained in part by females generally having a higher verbal ability

Question 17

Outline and evaluate episodic and procedural long-term memory (12 marks).
Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events), like your friend’s wedding.
Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they’re recalled only if consciously thought about.
Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them.
Procedural memories are implicit (non-declarative), which means that they don’t require conscious thought to be recalled.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for episodic LTM.
For example, Herlitz et al. assessed explicit LTM abilities in 1,000 Swedish participants, finding that females consistently performed better than males on talks requiring episodic LTM, although there were no differences in semantic LTM ability.
This suggests that there are gender differences in episodic memory ability, which may be explained in part by females generally having a higher verbal ability.
What does this allow suggest?

Answer 17

This also suggests that episodic LTM does exist

Question 18

Outline and evaluate episodic and procedural long-term memory (12 marks).
Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events), like your friend’s wedding.
Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they’re recalled only if consciously thought about.
Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them.
Procedural memories are implicit (non-declarative), which means that they don’t require conscious thought to be recalled.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for episodic LTM.
For example, Herlitz et al. assessed explicit LTM abilities in 1,000 Swedish participants, finding that females consistently performed better than males on talks requiring episodic LTM, although there were no differences in semantic LTM ability.
This suggests that there are gender differences in episodic memory ability, which may be explained in part by females generally having a higher verbal ability.
This also suggests that episodic LTM does exist.

Second AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 18

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for procedural LTM

Question 19

Outline and evaluate episodic and procedural long-term memory (12 marks).
Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events), like your friend’s wedding.
Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they’re recalled only if consciously thought about.
Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them.
Procedural memories are implicit (non-declarative), which means that they don’t require conscious thought to be recalled.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for episodic LTM.
For example, Herlitz et al. assessed explicit LTM abilities in 1,000 Swedish participants, finding that females consistently performed better than males on talks requiring episodic LTM, although there were no differences in semantic LTM ability.
This suggests that there are gender differences in episodic memory ability, which may be explained in part by females generally having a higher verbal ability.
This also suggests that episodic LTM does exist.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for procedural LTM.
Example

Answer 19

For example, Van Gorp et al. compared 37 heavy cocaine users with 27 non-abusing controls on memory ability for a 45 day period after abstaining from the drug

Question 20

Outline and evaluate episodic and procedural long-term memory (12 marks).
Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events), like your friend’s wedding.
Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they’re recalled only if consciously thought about.
Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them.
Procedural memories are implicit (non-declarative), which means that they don’t require conscious thought to be recalled.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for episodic LTM.
For example, Herlitz et al. assessed explicit LTM abilities in 1,000 Swedish participants, finding that females consistently performed better than males on talks requiring episodic LTM, although there were no differences in semantic LTM ability.
This suggests that there are gender differences in episodic memory ability, which may be explained in part by females generally having a higher verbal ability.
This also suggests that episodic LTM does exist.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for procedural LTM.
For example, Van Gorp et al. compared 37 heavy cocaine users with 27 non-abusing controls on memory ability for a 45 day period after abstaining from the drug.
What did the former cocaine users show than the non-users?

Answer 20

The former cocaine users showed a faster increase in procedural memory ability than the non-users

Question 21

Outline and evaluate episodic and procedural long-term memory (12 marks).
Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events), like your friend’s wedding.
Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they’re recalled only if consciously thought about.
Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them.
Procedural memories are implicit (non-declarative), which means that they don’t require conscious thought to be recalled.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for episodic LTM.
For example, Herlitz et al. assessed explicit LTM abilities in 1,000 Swedish participants, finding that females consistently performed better than males on talks requiring episodic LTM, although there were no differences in semantic LTM ability.
This suggests that there are gender differences in episodic memory ability, which may be explained in part by females generally having a higher verbal ability.
This also suggests that episodic LTM does exist.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for procedural LTM.
For example, Van Gorp et al. compared 37 heavy cocaine users with 27 non-abusing controls on memory ability for a 45 day period after abstaining from the drug.
The former cocaine users showed a faster increase in procedural memory ability than the non-users.
What does abstinence from cocaine cause?

Answer 21

Abstinence from cocaine causes dopamine production to increase a lot

Question 22

Outline and evaluate episodic and procedural long-term memory (12 marks).
Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events), like your friend’s wedding.
Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they’re recalled only if consciously thought about.
Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them.
Procedural memories are implicit (non-declarative), which means that they don’t require conscious thought to be recalled.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for episodic LTM.
For example, Herlitz et al. assessed explicit LTM abilities in 1,000 Swedish participants, finding that females consistently performed better than males on talks requiring episodic LTM, although there were no differences in semantic LTM ability.
This suggests that there are gender differences in episodic memory ability, which may be explained in part by females generally having a higher verbal ability.
This also suggests that episodic LTM does exist.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for procedural LTM.
For example, Van Gorp et al. compared 37 heavy cocaine users with 27 non-abusing controls on memory ability for a 45 day period after abstaining from the drug.
The former cocaine users showed a faster increase in procedural memory ability than the non-users.
As abstinence from cocaine causes dopamine production to increase a lot, what does this suggest?

Answer 22

As abstinence from cocaine causes dopamine production to increase a lot, this suggests that dopamine plays a part in procedural LTM

Question 23

Outline and evaluate episodic and procedural long-term memory (12 marks).
Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events), like your friend’s wedding.
Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they’re recalled only if consciously thought about.
Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them.
Procedural memories are implicit (non-declarative), which means that they don’t require conscious thought to be recalled.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for episodic LTM.
For example, Herlitz et al. assessed explicit LTM abilities in 1,000 Swedish participants, finding that females consistently performed better than males on talks requiring episodic LTM, although there were no differences in semantic LTM ability.
This suggests that there are gender differences in episodic memory ability, which may be explained in part by females generally having a higher verbal ability.
This also suggests that episodic LTM does exist.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for procedural LTM.
For example, Van Gorp et al. compared 37 heavy cocaine users with 27 non-abusing controls on memory ability for a 45 day period after abstaining from the drug.
The former cocaine users showed a faster increase in procedural memory ability than the non-users.
As abstinence from cocaine causes dopamine production to increase a lot, this suggests that dopamine plays a part in procedural LTM.
What does this also suggest?

Answer 23

This also suggests that procedural LTM does exist