2.3 Nucleotides and nucleic acids

Question 1

DNA is a __________ which is a monomer?

Answer 1

Polynucleotide

Question 2

What are the DNA nucleotides?

Answer 2

Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)

Question 3

What are complementary base pairs?

Answer 3

Cytosine with Guanine
Adenine with Thymine

Question 4

Which two DNA nucleotides are purine?

Answer 4

Adenine and Guanine

Question 5

Is purine double or single cyclic?

Answer 5

Double

Question 6

Which two DNA nucleotides are pyrimidine?

Answer 6

Cytosine and Thymine

Question 7

Is pyrimidine double or single cyclic?

Answer 7

Single

Question 8

What is the sugar unit for DNA?

Answer 8

Deoxyribose

Question 9

What else can a deoxyribose be called?

Answer 9

Pentose sugar

Question 10

What is the bond between two nucleotides?

Answer 10

Phosphodiester bond

Question 11

Where does the phosphodiester bond between two nucleotides happen?

Answer 11

Between the carbon 3 in the pentose sugar of one and the phosphate group of another.

Question 12

Can the phosphodiester bond go between Adenine and Cytosine?

Answer 12

Yes, the hydrogen bonds have to bond complementary pairs.

Question 13

What is the process called where DNA replicates itself?

Answer 13

Semi-Conservative replication.

Question 14

What are the enzymes involved in semi-conservative replication of DNA?

Answer 14

Gyrase, DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase

Question 15

What does ATP stand for?

Answer 15

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 16

What is ATP?

Answer 16

Energy currency of the cell

Question 17

How much energy is released when one phosphate is removed from ATP?

Answer 17

30.5KJ

Question 18

What reaction occurs in the breakdown of ATP?

Answer 18

Hydrolysis

Question 19

The breakdown or making of ATP is a _______ reaction?

Answer 19

Reversible

Question 20

Where does transcription happen?

Answer 20

The nucleus

Question 21

What nucleotide does RNA have instead of another?

Answer 21

Uracil instead of thymine

Question 22

What is the process of transcription?

Answer 22

DNA Helicase unwinds and unzips the relevant part of the DNA helix. (by breaking hydrogen bonds)
RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA.
One DNA strand acts as the template (sense strand), the other is redundant (antisense strand).
As RNA polymerase moves along the sense strand, ribonucleotides are assembled in a precise order due to complementary base pairing.
Fully formed mRNA (m stands for messenger) peels off the DNA and leaves the nucleus via a nuclear pore. The DNA then rewinds.

Question 23

Is mRNA single or double stranded?

Answer 23

Single

Question 24

Where does the ribosome bond to the mRNA?

Answer 24

Start Codon

Question 25

What does the mRNA move through (proteins)?

Answer 25

Large subunit and small subunit

Question 26

What is the anticodon?

Answer 26

Triplet code of organic bases on tRNA

Question 27

What is the codon?

Answer 27

Triplet code of organic bases on mRNA

Question 28

What does the tRNA carry?

Answer 28

Amino acid

Question 29

What allows the tRNA to bond with the codon?

Answer 29

Complimentary anticodon

Question 30

The ribosome moves along the mRNA strand which causes what?

Answer 30

The tRNA to bind

Question 31

What happens due to the amino acids being so close together?

Answer 31

Condensation reactions and the amino acids form a peptide bond

Question 32

When the tRNA that carried the first amino acid is released, what is left behind?

Answer 32

Amino acid as a dipeptide

Question 33

When is the polypeptide complete?

Answer 33

When the ribosome reaches the stop codon

Question 34

When the polypeptide is released where does it go?

Answer 34

Golgi apparatus to be modified and packaged

Question 35

If the mRNA isn't used again, what happens?

Answer 35

Broken down into nucleotides which can be assembled to produce a different polypeptide

Question 36

What does universal mean (biologically)?

Answer 36

Found in all organisms

Question 37

What does degenerate mean?

Answer 37

More than one codon for each amino acid

Question 38

What is rRNA?

Answer 38

Ribosomal RNA catalyses the formation of a peptide bond between the two amino acids