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A-Level Biology > 2.2 Biological Molecules > Flashcards

2.2 Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the five properties of lipids?

A

Energy store, energy source, insulation, protection and buoyancy

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2
Q

How many molecules of fatty acid is in a singular triglyceride molecule?

A

3

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3
Q

How many molecules of glycerol is in a singular triglyceride molecule?

A

1

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4
Q

What is OL or a functioning alcohol group represented by?

A

O-H

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5
Q

What is the skeletal formule for a hydrocarbon?

A

A zig-zag

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6
Q

What two parts is a fatty acid molecule made up of?

A

Carboxylic acid and a hydrocarbon

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7
Q

What determines the fatty acid?

A

The length of the hydrocarbon chain

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8
Q

What type of reaction bonds a fatty acid molecule to a glycerol molecule?

A

Condensation reaction

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9
Q

How many molecules of water are formed in the formation of a triglyceride?

A

3

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10
Q

What is the C-O-C bond in a triglyceride molecule called?

A

Ester bond

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11
Q

What does the phospholipid bilayer make up?

A

Plasma membrane

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12
Q

What part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?

A

Their tails

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13
Q

What part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?

A

Their heads

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14
Q

What does the phosphodiester bond link?

A

Phosphate group and glycerol

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15
Q

What is the unit in a polypeptide?

A

Amino acids

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16
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

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17
Q

In the structure of an amino acid, what is the variable group?

A

The R group

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18
Q

Apart from the R group, what is the rest of the amino acid structure?

A

Constant

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19
Q

What part of an amino acids structure is the amine group?

A

NH2

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20
Q

What does Glycine have in it’s R group?

A

Hydrogen

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21
Q

What does Cysteine have in it’s R group?

A

Sulphur’

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22
Q

What is the bond between two sulphur molecules?

A

Disulphide bond

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23
Q

What reaction bonds two amino acids?

A

Condensation reaction

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24
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

The bonding of the carbon from the carboxylic acid from one amino acid to the nitrogen from the amine group of another amino acid

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25
Q

Why is the peptide bond between two amino acids actually called a Dipeptide bond?

A

It is dependant on the two amino acids

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26
Q

What determines the polypeptide?

A

The sequence of amino acids

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27
Q

What are the four levels of bonding in a polypeptide?

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

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28
Q

What is the primary level of bonding?

A

The primary structure of an amino acid is the sequence of amino acids

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29
Q

What is the secondary level of bonding?

A

The sequence of amino acids is either folded into a sheet or coiled.

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30
Q

What is created when it is coiled?

A

An alpha helix

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31
Q

What is created when it is folded to a sheet?

A

A beta (pleated) sheet

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32
Q

What decides if it folds into a sheet or coils?

A

The sequence of amino acids

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33
Q

What represents a hydrogen bond in the diagram of either an alpha helix or a beta sheet?

A

A dashed line, - - - - -

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34
Q

What is the tertiary level of bonding?

A

The tertiary structure is where the alpha helix or the beta sheet condenses

35
Q

What does the alpha helix become in the tertiary level of bonding?

A

Globular protein

36
Q

What does the beta sheet become in the tertiary level of bonding?

A

Fibrous protein

37
Q

Which protein (globular or fibrous) is metabolic?

A

Globular

38
Q

Which protein (globular or fibrous) is structural?

A

Fibrous

39
Q

What are the three examples of globular proteins?

A

Haemoglobin (Hb), Hormones and Enzymes

40
Q

What are the three examples of fibrous proteins?

A

Collagen, Elastin and Keratin

41
Q

What are four bonds that happen in both globular and fibrous structures?

A

Further hydrogen bonds, Ionic bonds, Disulpide bonds and Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic interactions

42
Q

What can you not have a tertiary structure without?

A

At least two cysteine molecules

43
Q

Why are ionic bonds important?

A

They have some charge which means the ions that are positive and the ions that are negative are attracted which helps keep the structure

44
Q

Where are the hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions in fibrous proteins?

A

Hydrophobic: outside
Hydrophilic: Inside

45
Q

Where are the hydrophilic interactions in a globular protein?

A

Outside

46
Q

What are three properties of collagen?

A

Flexible, permeable, hydrophobic

47
Q

What are three properties of elastin?

A

Stretchy, insoluble, thin

48
Q

What are three properties of keratin?

A

Insoluble to dilute acids, strong, healing

49
Q

What are three properties of haemoglobin?

A

Pigment, soluble in water, high iron content

50
Q

What are three properties of hormones?

A

Soluble in water, small in structure, very potent

51
Q

What are three properties of enzymes?

A

Sensitive to temperature, varied active sites, reversibility

52
Q

What is the quaternary level of bonding?

A

More than one polypeptide chain bonded together

53
Q

What are the two types of glucose?

A

Alpha glucose and beta glucose

54
Q

What does isomers mean?

A

Same molecule formule but different skeletal formule

55
Q

To bond two glucose molecules (either alpha to alpha or beta to beta) what reaction takes place?

A

Condensation reaction

56
Q

What bonds are included in the formation of an alpha helix?

A

Alpha glucose to alpha glucose

57
Q

What bonds are included in the formation of a beta sheet?

A

Beta glucose to beta glucose

58
Q

What is the bond between two alpha/beta glucose called?

A

Alpha/Beta 1-4 glycosidic bond

59
Q

How are two alpha glucose molecules bonded?

A

The carbon 1 from one and the Carbon 4 from the other (after a water molecule is released)

60
Q

What do the top two hydrogens in two alpha glucose molecules have?

A

A slight positive charge which leads them to repel each other

61
Q

What does the slight positive charge on the hydrogens lead to?

A

Instead of staying straight they start to bend which is what creates the coil/helix

62
Q

Does the same formation of two alpha glucose molecules happen between two beta glucose molecules?

A

Yes except since there aren’t two hydrogens next to each other, they don’t repel

63
Q

What happens instead of the glucose molecules coiling in the bonding of two beta glucose molecules?

A

The molecules start to form as zig-zag as the two OH parts have to bond together. After many beta glucose molecules bonding together, it creates a honeycomb shape which is the beta pleated sheet

64
Q

What is the bond called in a branched polysaccharide?

A

Alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond to Alpha 1-6 glycosidic bond

65
Q

Glycogen: alpha (branched or not) or beta, plants or animals and what does it do?

A

Branched alpha glucose, found in animals and is an energy store

66
Q

Amylose: alpha (branched or not) or beta, plants or animals and what does it do?

A

Alpha glucose, found in plants and is an energy store

67
Q

Amylopectin: alpha (branched or not) or beta, plants or animals and what does it do?

A

Branched alpha glucose, found in plants and is an energy store

68
Q

Cellulose: alpha (branched or not) or beta, plants or animals and what does it do?

A

Beta glucose, found in plants and makes up the cell wall

69
Q

What is the slight positive/negative charge of hydrogen/oxygen represented by?

A

Delta symbol with - or + on the top right side

70
Q

What does the covalent bonding of oxygen and hydrogen in water mean?

A

Each hydrogen shares a pair of electrons with oxygen

71
Q

What are the other pairs of electrons called on the outer shell of oxygen?

A

Lone pairs

72
Q

What makes water polar?

A

Uneven distribution of charge

73
Q

How do you represent two water molecules bonding together

A

Hydrogen bond, - - - - -

74
Q

Why is water a good solvent?

A

As water is polar, the slightly positive end of a water molecule will be attracted to the negative ion and vice versa. This means the ions will get totally surrounded by water which dissolves them.

75
Q

Why is water a good cohesive?

A

Due to its polarity as cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type

76
Q

Why does water have a high specific heat capacity?

A

It has hydrogen bonds which can absorb a lot of energy and then it takes a lot of energy to heat it up

77
Q

Why does water have a high latent heat of vapourisation?

A

Due to hydrogen bonds because it takes a lot of energy to break them

78
Q

Why is water less dense when it is solid?

A

Water molecules are held further apart in ice than they are in liquid because each water molecule forms four hydrogen bonds to another water molecule

79
Q

What are the positive inorganic ions/cations?

A

Hydrogen ion, potassium ion, calcium ion, sodium ion and ammonium ion

80
Q

What are the negative inorganic ions/anions?

A

Phosphate ion, nitrate ion, hydroxide ion, chloride ion and hydrogen carbonate ion

81
Q

What is a colorimeter used to determine in quantitative tests?

A

Concentration of glucose solution

82
Q

How is the colorimeter used?

A

By measuring the absorbance. The more concentrated the colour of the solution, the higher the absorbance

83
Q

What do biosensors detect in quantitative tests?

A

Chemicals in a solution

84
Q

How do biosensors work?

A

The biological molecule produces a signal, which is converted to an electrical signal by a transducer. This signal is processed and can be used to work out other information

A-Level Biology (4 decks)

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