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B2- NUCLEIC ACIDS > 2.3- ENERGY AND ATP > Flashcards

2.3- ENERGY AND ATP Flashcards

1
Q

What do all organisms require to remain alive?

A

energy

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2
Q

Where does energy initially come from?

A

the Sun

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3
Q

What do plants do during photosynthesis?

A

use solar energy to combine water and carbon dioxide into complex organic molecules

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4
Q

What do plants and animals do to the organic molecules produced from photosynthesis?

A

oxidise the organic molecules

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5
Q

What is made when the organic molecules is oxidised by plants and animals?

A

make adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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6
Q

What is ATP used as?

A

main energy source to carry out processes within cells

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7
Q

What type of molecule is ATP?

A

phosphorylated macromolecule

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8
Q

How many parts does ATP have?

A

3

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9
Q

What are the 3 parts of ATP?

A

adenine
ribose
phosphates

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10
Q

What is adenine?

A

a nitrogen-containing organic base

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11
Q

What is a ribose?

A

a sugar molecule with a 5-carbon ring structure

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12
Q

What does the ribose of ATP act as?

A

backbone to which other parts attached

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13
Q

How many phosphate groups are there on ATP?

A

3

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14
Q

What is ATP?

A

nucleotide

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15
Q

What is key to how ATP stores energy?

A

the three phosphate groups

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16
Q

Why is the three phosphate groups key to how ATP stores energy?

A

bonds between phosphate groups unstable

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17
Q

What does it mean as the bonds between the phosphate groups are unstable?

A

they have a low activation energy

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18
Q

What does it mean as the phosphate groups bonds have a low activation energy?

A

they’re easily broken

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19
Q

How much energy is released when the bonds between the phosphate groups are broken?

A

considerable amount of energy

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20
Q

Usually in living cells what is removed in terms of ATP?

A

only the terminal phosphate removed

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21
Q

equation for ATP being broken down

A

ATP + (H20) = ADP + Pi + E

22
Q

What is the reaction for the conversion of ATP to ADP known as? (2)

A

hydrolysis

reversible

23
Q

Why is the conversion of ATP to ADP hydrolysis?

A

water is used

24
Q

What is the conversion of ATP to ADP catalysed by?

A

enzyme ATP hydrolase (ATPase)

25
Q

As the conversion of ATP to ADP is reversible what can happen?

A

energy can be used to add an inorganic phosphate to ADP to re-form ATP

26
Q

When the ADP is converted back to ATP what is it catalysed by?

A

enzyme ATP synthase

27
Q

What type of reaction is it when the ADP is reformed back to ATP?

A

condensation reaction

28
Q

Why is it a condensation reaction when the ADP is reformed back to ATP?

A

water is removed

29
Q

What does the synthesis of ATP from ADP involve?

A

addition of a phosphate molecule to ATP

30
Q

In what ways can the ADP and phosphate molecule re-combine? (3)

A

photophosphorylation

oxidative phosphorylation

substrate-level phosphorylation

31
Q

What is photophosphorylation?

A

in chlorophyll-containing plants during photosynthesis ADP and phosphate group re-combine

32
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation

A

in plant and animal cells during respiration ADP and phosphate group re-combine

33
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

in plants and animal cells when phosphate groups are transferred from donor molecules to ADP so they re-combine

34
Q

Why is ATP not a good long-term energy store?

A

instability of phosphate bonds

35
Q

What serve the purpose of being a long-term energy store much better than ATP?

A

fats and carbohydrates i.e. glycogen

36
Q

What type of source of energy is ATP to a cell?

A

immediate energy source

37
Q

As ATP is not a good long-term energy store what do cells do?

A

do not store large quantities of ATP, but rather just maintain a few seconds’ supply

38
Q

Why is it okay that only a few seconds’ supply of ATP in maintained within a cell?

A

ATP rapidly re-formed from ADP and inorganic phosphate so little goes a long way

39
Q

Why is ATP a better immediate energy source than glucose? (2)

A

each ATP molecule releases less energy than each glucose molecules
so energy for reactions released in smaller, more manageable quantities rather than much greater, less manageable, release of energy from glucose molecules

hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is single reaction that releases immediate energy
breakdown of glucose is a long series of reactions and so energy release takes longer

40
Q

Where is ATP made in the cell?

A

mitochondria

41
Q

Examples of cells that require a lot of energy?

A

muscle fibres and epithelium of small intestines

42
Q

Why do muscle fibres require a lot of energy?

A

for movement

43
Q

Why do epithelium of the small intestine require a lot of energy?

A

for active transport

44
Q

As some cells require a lot of energy what do they possess a lot of?

A

a lot of mitochondria

45
Q

What process is ATP used in? (5)

A 
metabolic processes
movement 
active transport 
secretion 
activation of molecules
46
Q

How is ATP used in metabolic processes?

A

ATP provides energy needed to build up macromolecules from their basic units

47
Q

Example of how ATP used in metabolic processes?

A

making starch from glucose or polypeptides from amino acids

48
Q

How is ATP used in movement?

A

ATP provides energy for muscle contraction
in muscle contraction, ATP provides energy for filaments of muscle to slide past one another and so shorten overall length of muscle fibre

49
Q

How is ATP used in active transport?

A

ATP provides energy to change shape of carrier proteins in plasma membranes.
this allows molecules/ions to be moved against concentration gradient

50
Q

How is ATP used in secretion?

A

ATP need to form lysosomes necessary for secretion of cell products

51
Q

How is ATP used in activation of molecules?

A

inorganic phosphate released during hydrolysis of ATP can be used to phosphorylate other compounds to make them more reactive, so lowering activation energy in enzyme-catalysed reactions

52
Q

Example of ATP being used in activation of molecules?

A

addition of phosphate to glucose molecules at start of glycolysis

B2- NUCLEIC ACIDS (4 decks)

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