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module 2: foundations to biology > 2.3 DNA/nucleotides > Flashcards

2.3 DNA/nucleotides Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a nucleotide made of

A

nitrogenous base
phosphate group
5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose)

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2
Q

name the functions of a nucleotide

A

monomer of nucleic acids
become phosphorylated when contain more then one phosphate group
regulate metabloic pathways
components of coenzymes

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3
Q

explain the difference between AMP, ADP, ATP

A

AMP= one phosphate group adenosine monophosphate
ADP= two phosphate groups
adenosine diphosphate
ATP= three phosphate groups
adenosine triphosphate

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4
Q

what is a phosphoryolated nucleotide and name two examples

A

a nucleotide thats had phosphates added to it
ADP , ATP

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5
Q

what is DNA

A

macromolecule that makes up the structure of living organisms

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6
Q

describe the structure of DNA

A

polymer made of nucleotides in two strands that run in opposite direction (antiparalell)
phosphodiester bond between sugar and phosphate group
double helix

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7
Q

name the two types of nucleotides based off bases

A

purines
pyrimidines

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8
Q

desribe the difference between a purine and pyrimidine

A

purine= two rings
pyrimidine= one ring

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9
Q

what bases are a purine

A

adenine
guanine

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10
Q

what bases are a pyrimidine

A

thymine
uracil
cytosine

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11
Q

how many hydrogen bonds form between adenine and thymine

A

2

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12
Q

how many hydrogen bonds form between cytosine and guanine

A

3

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13
Q

how are polynucleotides made and broken

A

forming and breaking phosphodiester bonds

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14
Q

what is the role of hydrogen bonds in DNA

A

form between the bases on two anitparallel DNA strands

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15
Q

what is the importance between purines and pyrimidines

A

purine always joins a pyrimidine so there is equal sized rungs on the DNA ladder
twists into double helix

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16
Q

how does DNA replicate

A

enzyme gryase unwinds/ helicase unzips DNA double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds on antiparallel strands
dna polymerase - free phosphorylated nucleotides and bonds with the exposed bases
energy released and used in next reaction to form bonds

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17
Q

what is the product of DNA replication

A

two DNA molecules identical to another
each containing one strand of original DNA and newly replicated DNA

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18
Q

why is DNA replication semi conservative

A

semi=half
contains one strand from original and one replicated

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19
Q

define universal for the nature of genetic code

A

in all organisms the same triplet of DNA bases codes for same amino acid

20
Q

define degenerate

A

for all amino acids there is more then one base triplet so amino acids can be coded for by multiple codons

21
Q

define non overlapping

A

genetic code/bases are only read from a fixed point in groups of 3

22
Q

what does the order of bases result in

A

the codon = the amino acid = order of amino acids = shape of protein

23
Q

what is RNA made of

A

nucleotides
ribose sugar
nitrogenous base (AUCG)
phosphate group

24
Q

what are the three forms of RNA

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

25
Q

what is mRNA

A

messanger RNA

26
Q

what is tRNA

A

transfer rna

27
Q

what is rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA

28
Q

what happens in transcription

A

DNA is transcribed and an mRNA molecule is produced

29
Q

what happens in translation

A

mRNA (messenger RNA) is translated and an amino acid sequence is produced

30
Q

steps of transcription

A

gryase and helicase unwinds and unzips DNA
RNA polymerase catalyses the formation of temp. hydrogen bonds between free RNA nucleotides and DNA bases
copy of strand produced
mRNA leaves the nucleus

31
Q

steps of translation

A

tRNA binds to complementary triplet
has amino acid
peptide bond forms

32
Q

what direction does RNA polymerase move in

A

3’ to 5’ direction

33
Q

what direction does mRNA move/grow in

A

opposite to RNA polymerase
5’ to 3’ direction

34
Q

what is the template strand

A

strand of DNA used to produce the mRNA molecule

35
Q

what is the coding strand

A

length of RNA bases that are complementary to the template strand

36
Q

where does transcription and translation occur

A

-scription = nucleus
-slation= cytoplasm

37
Q

describe the structure of tRNA

A

hairpin shape
anticodon at one end = triplet of unpaired bases complementary to mRNA
triplet of bases at other end where amino acid attaches

38
Q

what is the role of tRNA

A

bind with their specific amino acids and bring them to the mRNA molecule on the ribosome

39
Q

what bond forms between amino acids as tRNA binds to the mRNA strand

A

peptide bonds

40
Q

how does translation stop

A

process continues until stop codon on mRNA is reached and final polypeptide chain forms

41
Q

name the steps in DNA purification

A

grind with pester and mortar
add salt
add detergent
add protease
place in water bath
filter into beaker/tt
tilt and poor in ice cold ethanol

42
Q

when purifying DNA why do you crush sample with pestle and mortar

A

to break open cell wall

43
Q

in DNA purification what enzyme do you need to use and why

A

protease
to break down histone proteins associated with DNA

44
Q

why do you add detergent (DNA purification)

A

to break down phospholipid bilayer

45
Q

why is ethanol added

A

to precipitate DNA (white layer forms)

46
Q

why is salt added

A

helps DNA precipitate/ shed water

47
Q

explain what the experiment with isotopes of nitrogen show and support semi conservative replication

A

tube 1
shows DNA / band contains light nitrogen and heavy nitrogen
tube 2
DNA / band, made from
only, light nitrogen so strand of DNA must be a template
tube 10
highest band more of the DNA is made from only, light nitrogen

module 2: foundations to biology (6 decks)

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