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23 19-24 Flashcards

1
Q

Pancreatic juice pH?

A

7.5-8.8

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2
Q

Large intestine gross anatomy structure? 9

A

Ileocecal valve, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal

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3
Q

Cecum

A

Lies below the ileocecal valve, first part of large intestine

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4
Q

Appendix

A

Attached to posteromedial surface of cecum.

Contains masses of lymph tissue/MALT.

Storehouse for bacteria - recolonizes gut.

Twisted shape can provide a place for unwanted bacteria breeding.

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5
Q

Anus has both?

A

An internal/involuntary and external/voluntary sphincter.

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6
Q

Large intestine function?

A

Move poop.
Absorb remaining water, bile salts, bacterial generated vitamin K, biotin (glucose metabolism), and vitamin B5 (used to manufacture steroids and some neurotransmitters)

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7
Q

Specialized structures of the large intestine?

A

Teniae coli, Epiploic appendages, haustra

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8
Q

Teniae coli

A

3 bands of smooth muscle (reduced muscularis compared to other sections)

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9
Q

Epiploic appendages

A

Fat filled pouches of visceral peritoneum hanging from the surface of the large intestine.

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10
Q

Haustra

A

Puckers in the large intestine caused by the teniae coli

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11
Q

Micro anatomy of the large intestine?

A

Simple columnar epithelium.

No folds/villi/digestive juice secreting cells.

Mucosa is thicker, crypts are deeper and contain lots of goblet cells to keep things moving.

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12
Q

Micro anatomy of the anal canal?

A

Anal canal is stratified squamous.

Anal sinuses exude mucus.

Superficial venous plexuses can = hemorrhoids.

Complete muscularis layers.

No tenaie coli/haustra

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13
Q

How long are substances in the large intestine?

A

12-24 hours

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14
Q

Motility of large intestine?

A

Haustral contractions: Occur mostly in the ascending/transverse. Sluggish/short-lived, last about one minute every 30 minutes.

Mass movements: (mass peristalsis) Long/slow-moving, 3-4 times daily. Food in stomach causes gastrocolic reflex.

Peristalsis

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15
Q

Enzymes for digestion of proteins?

A

Stomach: Pepsin

From pancreas: Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypepsidase

Brush border: Aminopesidase, carboxypepsidase, dipepsidase

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16
Q

Enzymes for digestion of carbs?

A

Mouth: salivary amylase

Pancreas: Pancreatic amylase

Brush border: Dextrinase, glucoamylase, lactase, maltase, sucrase

17
Q

Enzymes for digestion of lipids?

A

Mouth: lingual lipase

Stomach: gastric lipase

Liver: bile

Pancreas: pancreatic lipases

18
Q

Process of absorption of amino acids?

A
  1. The amino acids are absorbed by active transport into their absorptive cell and move to the opposite side.
  2. Amino acids leave the villus epithelial cell by facilitated diffusion on a carrier and enter the capillary via intercellular clefts.
19
Q

Process of absorption of carbs?

A

Glucose and galactose are shuttled by secondary active transport with Na+ into the epithelial cells.

They then move out by facilitated diffusion and pass into the capillaries via intercellular clefts.

Fructose moves entirely by facilitated diffusion.

20
Q

Process of absorption of lipids?

A
  1. Free fatty acids and monoglycerides associate with bile salts to form micelles which ferry them to the intestinal mucosa.
  2. Fatty acids/monoglycerides leave micelles and diffuse into epithelial cells. They are recombined and packaged with other fatty substances and proteins to form chylomicrons.
  3. Chylomicrons are extruded from the epithelial cells by exocytosis. Chylomicrons enter lacteals and are carried away in lymph.

(short chain fatty acids can simply diffuse into the portal blood for distribution)

21
Q

Structural and functional properties of smooth muscle?

A
  1. Long, slow contractions
  2. Basal tone (always a low level of contraction)
  3. Sphincters (act as valves, ctrl movement)
  4. Basic electrical rhythm (gap junctions to coordinate movement)
22
Q

Enchilada - MOUTH

A

MOTILITY
chewing/mechanical

SECRETORY
saliva/1500ml

DIGESTION
Amylase, lingual lipase

23
Q

Enchilada - STOMACH

A

MOTILITY
Peristalsis/churning/mixing/emptying

SECRETORY
Gastric juice/2000ml (mucus-HCl-enzymes-paracrines)

DIGESTION 
Pepsin (1st start on protein), salivary amylase still active for maybe an hour, lingual/gastric lipase

ABSORPTION
Alcohol/aspirin

24
Q

Enchilada - SM INTESTINE

A

MOTILITY
Peristalsis/segmentation/migrating motility complex

SECRETORY
Intestinal juice 1500/pancreatic juice 1500/bile 500

DIGESTION
protein–>aa, lipids–>ffa, carb–>glucose

ABSORPTION
nutrients

25
Q

Enchilada - LG INTESTINE

A

MOTILITY
Peristalsis/haustral churning/mass movements

SECRETORY
mucus/bicarbonate

DIGESTION
Bacteria initiated, Vit B/K

ABSORPTION
Water, recycle bile salt, vitamins

23 (5 decks)

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