2.3 Flashcards
carbohydrates
made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
used to store energy
what are the three groups of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides
monosaccharides
one sugar
are single. sugar units(monomers) which are also known as reducing sugars
are small enough to pass through the cell membrane
examples of monosaccharides
glucose
fructose
galactose
ribose
deoxyribose
What monomer is this the structure for
CH2OH
|\_\_\_\_O
H / \. H
| / \ |
| \ OH H / |
HO \|\_\_\_\_|/. OH
| |
H OH
Glucose
amylose
plant starch
chemical name for fiber
cellulose
What are the main elements that make up living things?
carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorous, sulfur
D Glucose and L Glucose
D and L glucose are the. two forms that glucose comes in.
L glucose is not used by living things
D glucose
two different forms of D glucose: Alpha glucose and Beta glucose
Alpha D Glucose makes up starch and glycogen polymers.
Beta D glucose makes up the cellulose polymer
the structure of which monomers are pentagons
Ribose
Fructose
Deoxyribose
the structure of which monomers are hexgons
glucose
galactose
glucose vs galactose structure
both are hexagons
the H and OH at the sides are in different positions
in glucose OH is down and H is up
in galactose OH is up and H is down
fructose vs ribose vs deoxyribose
all are pentagon monomers
only deoxyribose contains two H’s in the bottom right corner
fructose only has six ions attached
fructose only has one side (right side corner) which has two ions attached
in Ribose the bottom. two corners are both H attached upwards, OH attached down
structure of Alpha D vs Beta D glucose
both are hexagon shapes, however, the right corner is different on both of them
in Beta D OH is upwards and H is downwards
In Alpha D OH is downwards. and H is upwards
Disaccharides
produced by combining monosaccharides via a condensation reaction
three types:
Sucrose
lactose
maltose
Sucrose
a disaccharide combination of glucose and fructose monosaccharides.
Formed via a condensation reaction in plants.
is sweet
examples
Table sugar
sugar
cane sugar
sweetness in sucrose
is sweet
most of the sweetness comes from the fructose because fructose is twice as sweet as glucose
lactose
disaccharide combination of galactose and glucose monosaccharides
milk lactose is broken down by the enzyme: lactase.
in most mammals, lactase production gradually decreases with maturity, which is why many people are lactose intolerant.
example
milk sugar
maltose
disaccharide combination of two glujcose monoasaccharides
produces when amylase enzyme breaks down starch polymers.
found in germinating seeds such as barley.
- also produced when. glucose is caramelised
example
malt sugar
how to identify sucrose structure
glucose and fructose monosaccharides
contains three CH2OH
one hexagon, one pentagon
condensation reactions
when a disaccharide is formed by the joining of 2 units by removing a molecule of water
a polysaccharide is formed if more than two units are joined
GLUCOSE +glucose => disaccharide + water
hydrolysis
the breaking apart of a disaccharide
a water molecule provides the hydrogen and hydroxyl group to break the glycosidic bond
types of polysaccharides
starch
glycogen
cellulose
starch
the way plants store their carbohydrates
made of long branched (amylopectin) and unbranched(amylose) chains of Alpha D glucose.
most vertebrates have digestive enzymes that can break down. starch.
glycogen
the way animals store glucose in muscles and liver
made of only long branched. chains of Alpha D glucose
is invaluable so large amounts can be stored
cellulose
makes up the walls of plants
made of unbranched polymer of Beta D glucose
humans and most vertebrates cannot digest cellulose.
some bacteria contain the enzymes needed to breakdown cellulose
why cant humans and most vertebrates digest cellulose
because the enzymes needed to breakdown the Beta acetyl linkages are not found in vertebrates
amylose
helical chains: (Alpha glucose)
energy storage: plants
amylopectin
chains which branch approx every 20 subunits
the branch points have c1-c6 links.
glycogen branching
branches approx every 10 subunits.
branches have C1-C6 links, however,
non-branched area have C1-C4 links
lipids
carbon compounds made by living organisms that are mostly or entirely hydrophobic.
three types of lipid
triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids
at room temperature fats and waxes are solid
at room temperature only oil is liquid
relatively insoluable in water.
important energy storage compounds
- fats have the greatest energy per gram
excess proteins and carbohydrates can be converted to fats for storage
triglycerides
most common type of lipid
made of three fatty acids, joined to a glycerol
think of three cricket wickets
saturated vs unsaturated
saturated
all the covalent atoms in the chain are connected with single covalent bonds.
max amount of hydrogen atoms
tend to be from animals
unsaturated
one or more double bond/s
additional hydrogens can be added( not saturated with hydrogens)
unsaturated fats tend to be of plant origin
mono-unsaturated
poly-unsaturated
one double bond
two or more double bonds
omega 3 unsaturated fatty acids
the position of the double bond is on the 3rd carbon from the CH3 terminal.
high in fish oil
omega 6 fatty acid
the posistion of the double bond is on the 6th carbon from the CH3 terminal
high in vegetable oil
cis unsaturated fatty acids
hydrogen atoms bonded to the same side of the double bond
trans fatty acids
hydrogen atoms are bonded to opposite sides of the double bond
uncommon in nature but commonly produced industrially
liquid cis-unsaturated. fats are altered to have more desirable physical properties for use in products such as. margarine and snack food.
trans fats have been shown to consistently be associated with the risk of coronary heart disease, the leading cause of death
steriods
all steriods have a similar structure which is 17 carbon atoms in four rings.
examples of steriods cholesterol progesterone estrogen testosterone vitamin D
how to identify Vitamin D. structure
one of the rings will be broken
testosteronr structure
four rings
3 H,
1 OH,
1 O,
cholesterol structure
Multiple H3C/CH3 and a OH
how is a glyceride formed and broken
glycerol and fatty acids are joined by removing a molecule of water through a condensation reaction
glycerol + fatty acids. => triglyceride
when a glyceride is broken apart, a water molecule provides the hydrogen and hydroxyl group to break the bond
triglyceride + water => glycerol + fatty acids
energy storage
lipid and carbohydrates are used by living organisms as store of energy.
1g of glycogen is associated with 2g of water
what are lipid
fats and oils
what are carbohydrates
starch in plants or glycogen in muscles and liver of animals
energy storage
converrting into energy
100g carbs=
100g protein=
100g lipids=
100g carbs= 1760KJ
100g protein=. 1510KJ
100g lipid= 4000KJ
what is the best store of energy, why
lipids
the energy per gram of lipids is double the amount released from a gram of carbohydrates.
lipids can be stored and used without water so are six times more efficient.
lipids are more suitable for long-term energy storage in humans than carbohydrates.
BMI
a measure of relative size based on mass(kg) and height(m). it is used to guess a person’a body fat percentage.
used as a diagnostic tool
limits to BMI
change be affects and inaccurste due to human diversity
examples age gender body shape high muscle mass ethnicity
cis fat structure
on an angle where bonded
double bond
Two H atoms at same side of molecule
trans fat structure
straight
double bond
two H bond on opposite sides of the molecule
saturated fatty acids structure
no double bonds
COnnected by single covalent bonds
unsaturated fatty acid structure
one or more double bonds
additonal hydrogens could be added
what are the different proteins
structual
regulatory
contractile
immunological
transport
catalytic
sensory
what are proteins
very important chemicals that have many roles in living organisms.
polymers
structural proteins
form structural componets
E.g. collagen, keratin
regulatory proteins
regutae cellulae function- hormones
e.g. insulin
conctracile proteins
form contractile elements in muscles
e.g. myosin, actin
immunological proteins
function to combat invading microbes
e.g. antibodies, antitoxins
transport proteins
act as. carrier molecules
e.g. carrying oxygen (haemoglobin)
cataytic proteins
catalysing all the biochemical reactions in the body
e.g. amylase
sensory protein
component of the nervous system including receptors and neurotransmitters
what is the general structure of amino acids
because proteins are polymers they are made of large repeated units of molecules, the unites(monomers) are amino acids which are linked together
all amino acids have the same general structure.
Central carbon atom with a amine (NH2 or H2N)
carboxyl group(COOH)
a R group.
each amino acid has a different R group
