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Biology- IB > 2.3 > Flashcards

2.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

carbohydrates

A

made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

used to store energy

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2
Q

what are the three groups of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides

disaccharides

polysaccharides

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3
Q

monosaccharides

A

one sugar

are single. sugar units(monomers) which are also known as reducing sugars

are small enough to pass through the cell membrane

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4
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose

fructose

galactose

ribose

deoxyribose

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5
Q

What monomer is this the structure for

   CH2OH
             |\_\_\_\_O
     H    /           \.  H
       |  /               \ |
       |  \ OH    H  / |
   HO    \|\_\_\_\_|/.   OH
              |          |
             H        OH
A

Glucose

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6
Q

amylose

A

plant starch

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7
Q

chemical name for fiber

A

cellulose

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8
Q

What are the main elements that make up living things?

A

carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorous, sulfur

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9
Q

D Glucose and L Glucose

A

D and L glucose are the. two forms that glucose comes in.

L glucose is not used by living things

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10
Q

D glucose

A

two different forms of D glucose: Alpha glucose and Beta glucose

Alpha D Glucose makes up starch and glycogen polymers.

Beta D glucose makes up the cellulose polymer

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11
Q

the structure of which monomers are pentagons

A

Ribose

Fructose

Deoxyribose

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12
Q

the structure of which monomers are hexgons

A

glucose

galactose

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13
Q

glucose vs galactose structure

A

both are hexagons

the H and OH at the sides are in different positions

in glucose OH is down and H is up

in galactose OH is up and H is down

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14
Q

fructose vs ribose vs deoxyribose

A

all are pentagon monomers

only deoxyribose contains two H’s in the bottom right corner

fructose only has six ions attached

fructose only has one side (right side corner) which has two ions attached

in Ribose the bottom. two corners are both H attached upwards, OH attached down

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15
Q

structure of Alpha D vs Beta D glucose

A

both are hexagon shapes, however, the right corner is different on both of them

in Beta D OH is upwards and H is downwards

In Alpha D OH is downwards. and H is upwards

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16
Q

Disaccharides

A

produced by combining monosaccharides via a condensation reaction

three types:
Sucrose
lactose
maltose

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17
Q

Sucrose

A

a disaccharide combination of glucose and fructose monosaccharides.

Formed via a condensation reaction in plants.

is sweet

examples
Table sugar
sugar
cane sugar

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18
Q

sweetness in sucrose

A

is sweet

most of the sweetness comes from the fructose because fructose is twice as sweet as glucose

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19
Q

lactose

A

disaccharide combination of galactose and glucose monosaccharides

milk lactose is broken down by the enzyme: lactase.

in most mammals, lactase production gradually decreases with maturity, which is why many people are lactose intolerant.

example
milk sugar

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20
Q

maltose

A

disaccharide combination of two glujcose monoasaccharides

produces when amylase enzyme breaks down starch polymers.

found in germinating seeds such as barley.
- also produced when. glucose is caramelised

example
malt sugar

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21
Q

how to identify sucrose structure

A

glucose and fructose monosaccharides

contains three CH2OH

one hexagon, one pentagon

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22
Q

condensation reactions

A

when a disaccharide is formed by the joining of 2 units by removing a molecule of water

a polysaccharide is formed if more than two units are joined

GLUCOSE +glucose => disaccharide + water

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23
Q

hydrolysis

A

the breaking apart of a disaccharide

a water molecule provides the hydrogen and hydroxyl group to break the glycosidic bond

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24
Q

types of polysaccharides

A

starch

glycogen

cellulose

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25
Q

starch

A

the way plants store their carbohydrates

made of long branched (amylopectin) and unbranched(amylose) chains of Alpha D glucose.

most vertebrates have digestive enzymes that can break down. starch.

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26
Q

glycogen

A

the way animals store glucose in muscles and liver

made of only long branched. chains of Alpha D glucose

is invaluable so large amounts can be stored

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27
Q

cellulose

A

makes up the walls of plants

made of unbranched polymer of Beta D glucose

humans and most vertebrates cannot digest cellulose.

some bacteria contain the enzymes needed to breakdown cellulose

28
Q

why cant humans and most vertebrates digest cellulose

A

because the enzymes needed to breakdown the Beta acetyl linkages are not found in vertebrates

29
Q

amylose

A

helical chains: (Alpha glucose)

energy storage: plants

30
Q

amylopectin

A

chains which branch approx every 20 subunits

the branch points have c1-c6 links.

31
Q

glycogen branching

A

branches approx every 10 subunits.

branches have C1-C6 links, however,
non-branched area have C1-C4 links

32
Q

lipids

A

carbon compounds made by living organisms that are mostly or entirely hydrophobic.

three types of lipid
triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids

at room temperature fats and waxes are solid
at room temperature only oil is liquid

relatively insoluable in water.

important energy storage compounds
- fats have the greatest energy per gram

excess proteins and carbohydrates can be converted to fats for storage

33
Q

triglycerides

A

most common type of lipid

made of three fatty acids, joined to a glycerol
think of three cricket wickets

34
Q

saturated vs unsaturated

A

saturated
all the covalent atoms in the chain are connected with single covalent bonds.
max amount of hydrogen atoms
tend to be from animals

unsaturated
one or more double bond/s
additional hydrogens can be added( not saturated with hydrogens)
unsaturated fats tend to be of plant origin

35
Q

mono-unsaturated

poly-unsaturated

A

one double bond

two or more double bonds

36
Q

omega 3 unsaturated fatty acids

A

the position of the double bond is on the 3rd carbon from the CH3 terminal.

high in fish oil

37
Q

omega 6 fatty acid

A

the posistion of the double bond is on the 6th carbon from the CH3 terminal

high in vegetable oil

38
Q

cis unsaturated fatty acids

A

hydrogen atoms bonded to the same side of the double bond

39
Q

trans fatty acids

A

hydrogen atoms are bonded to opposite sides of the double bond

uncommon in nature but commonly produced industrially

liquid cis-unsaturated. fats are altered to have more desirable physical properties for use in products such as. margarine and snack food.

trans fats have been shown to consistently be associated with the risk of coronary heart disease, the leading cause of death

40
Q

steriods

A

all steriods have a similar structure which is 17 carbon atoms in four rings.

examples of steriods
cholesterol
progesterone
estrogen
testosterone
vitamin D
41
Q

how to identify Vitamin D. structure

A

one of the rings will be broken

42
Q

testosteronr structure

A

four rings

3 H,
1 OH,
1 O,

43
Q

cholesterol structure

A

Multiple H3C/CH3 and a OH

44
Q

how is a glyceride formed and broken

A

glycerol and fatty acids are joined by removing a molecule of water through a condensation reaction

glycerol + fatty acids. => triglyceride

when a glyceride is broken apart, a water molecule provides the hydrogen and hydroxyl group to break the bond

triglyceride + water => glycerol + fatty acids

45
Q

energy storage

A

lipid and carbohydrates are used by living organisms as store of energy.

1g of glycogen is associated with 2g of water

46
Q

what are lipid

A

fats and oils

47
Q

what are carbohydrates

A

starch in plants or glycogen in muscles and liver of animals

48
Q

energy storage

converrting into energy

100g carbs=

100g protein=

100g lipids=

A

100g carbs= 1760KJ

100g protein=. 1510KJ

100g lipid= 4000KJ

49
Q

what is the best store of energy, why

A

lipids

the energy per gram of lipids is double the amount released from a gram of carbohydrates.

lipids can be stored and used without water so are six times more efficient.

lipids are more suitable for long-term energy storage in humans than carbohydrates.

50
Q

BMI

A

a measure of relative size based on mass(kg) and height(m). it is used to guess a person’a body fat percentage.

used as a diagnostic tool

51
Q

limits to BMI

A

change be affects and inaccurste due to human diversity

examples
age
gender
body shape
high muscle mass
ethnicity
52
Q

cis fat structure

A

on an angle where bonded

double bond

Two H atoms at same side of molecule

53
Q

trans fat structure

A

straight

double bond

two H bond on opposite sides of the molecule

54
Q

saturated fatty acids structure

A

no double bonds

COnnected by single covalent bonds

55
Q

unsaturated fatty acid structure

A

one or more double bonds

additonal hydrogens could be added

56
Q

what are the different proteins

A

structual

regulatory

contractile

immunological

transport

catalytic

sensory

57
Q

what are proteins

A

very important chemicals that have many roles in living organisms.

polymers

58
Q

structural proteins

A

form structural componets

E.g. collagen, keratin

59
Q

regulatory proteins

A

regutae cellulae function- hormones

e.g. insulin

60
Q

conctracile proteins

A

form contractile elements in muscles

e.g. myosin, actin

61
Q

immunological proteins

A

function to combat invading microbes

e.g. antibodies, antitoxins

62
Q

transport proteins

A

act as. carrier molecules

e.g. carrying oxygen (haemoglobin)

63
Q

cataytic proteins

A

catalysing all the biochemical reactions in the body

e.g. amylase

64
Q

sensory protein

A

component of the nervous system including receptors and neurotransmitters

65
Q

what is the general structure of amino acids

A

because proteins are polymers they are made of large repeated units of molecules, the unites(monomers) are amino acids which are linked together

all amino acids have the same general structure.
Central carbon atom with a amine (NH2 or H2N)
carboxyl group(COOH)
a R group.

each amino acid has a different R group

Biology- IB (10 decks)

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