227Z extra cards on exam questions

Question 1

how does the thermoneutral zone change with age?

Answer 1

-animal could start off as ectotherm but become endotherm e.g. chick

Question 2

how to reduce fear with examples

Answer 2

-make environment less scary e.g. stable and predictable, limit exposure to frightening stimuli
-Make the animal less easily scared e.g. selective breeding (dogs?), anxiety reducing drugs

Question 3

multisystem zoonoses example

Answer 3

ticks-lime disease

Question 4

singlesystem zoonoses example

Answer 4

tapeworm - in muscle of pig, eat muscle, contract tapeworm

Question 5

how housing requirements change over an animals lifetime

Answer 5

-space: age, size etc
-reproduction
-social needs
-species/breed
-new legislation

Question 6

ruminants

Answer 6

-4 chambered stomach: rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum
-chew the cud
-e.g. cow

Question 7

mono gastric

Answer 7

-single stomach
-standard digestive system
-e.g. humans, dogs

Question 8

hindgut fermenters

Answer 8

-monogastric herbivores
-more complex caecum and large intestine for digesting grasses etc
-e.g. rabbit, guinea pig, horse

Question 9

why are young animals especially vulnerable to low temperature

Answer 9

-can’t utilise nutrients effectively straight from birth
-less fat to utilise for warmth

Question 10

structural features to minimize stress

Answer 10

-hiding areas: away from public eye, create safety
-elevated areas (platforms etc): safety

Question 11

3 ways animal welfare has been defined, and their flaws

Answer 11

-emotions: hard to assess emotions, what animal is feeling
-functioning: could be healthy and doing what it needs to, but be mentally unhappy
-being itself: could include behaviours we don’t want to see in captivity

Question 12

nitrogen balance

Answer 12

nitrogen input-output
-can be affected under conditions of decreased food consumption
-young animals might not see decreased nitrogen balance due to high rates of protein synthesis

Question 13

vector

Answer 13

an organism that transmits an infectious agent

Question 14

housing requirements

Answer 14

not homogenous as space requirements change over time.
different life stages effect housing requirements

Question 15

bovine TB

Answer 15

-1930’s
- 50,000 human cases a year
-40% cattle affected
-2,500 deaths

Question 16

clinical signs and immediate environmental changes to improve welfare

Answer 16

-Pain : oft thick bedding
-Lameness : make climbing easier
-Change in appetite/thirst : favourite foods
-Difficulty eating : Soft food
-Inability to control temperature : provide warmer and colder areas
-Blindness : Don’t move cage furniture around

Question 17

Preventative health Programme

Answer 17

A series of actions taken to reduce the risk of an animal getting a disease

Question 18

Disease

Answer 18

an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning

Question 19

physiological adaptations

Answer 19

-predators/prey: production of venom
-arid/dry environments: adaptation of the kidney to conserve water
-heat: larger ears, increase surface area for heat to escape via blood vessels

Question 20

effects of photoperiod

Answer 20

-long days stimulate mating, fertility, breeding, birth, egg laying, puberty and time of mating
-courtship plumage in summer
-short days stimulate mating and specific type of wool/feathers

Question 21

control of TB

Answer 21

-hard to keep domestic and wild animals separate
-chance of mutation as high amount of viruses around
-spread through vector: badgers

Question 22

OIE

Answer 22

Office International des Epizooties
-early warning system
-monitor animals health, including zoonoses
-member countries make information available to minimise spread of important animal diseases

Question 23

avian maleria

Answer 23

-serious in penguins
-not zoonotic
-vector spread: protozoa transmitted by mosquitos
-death before clinical signs arise
-lethargy
-blood smear
-anti-malerial drugs

Question 24

toxoplasmosis

Answer 24

-zoonotic (only from cat)
-sudden death, pneumonia
-spread through faeces

Question 25

number fish and ornamentals farmed

Answer 25

-between 115 and 277 billion estimated in 2015
-over 1 billion ornamentals traded each year

Question 26

pharyngeal teeth

Answer 26

second set of teeth, usually at back of throat

Question 27

epibrancheal

Answer 27

help capture plankton in filter feeding organisms

Question 28

mucus layer (fish)

Answer 28

-goblet cells secrete mucus, protect tissues from environment
-contains antimicrobial proteins, peptides and enzymes

Question 29

phagocytic cells

Answer 29

-macrophages and neutrophils
-engulf foreign agents

Question 30

antimicrobial agents

Answer 30

beta defensins and lysozyme

Question 31

natural killer cells

Answer 31

kill host cells that have been infected by pathogens

Question 32

pattern recognition receptors

Answer 32

look for patterns on cells surface and destroy ones they aren’t familiar with

Question 33

spleen (fish)

Answer 33

-important lymphoid organ
-acts as a checkpoint for circulatory system
-checks for pathogens in blood

Question 34

lymphoid cells

Answer 34

-T and B cells
-T cells target specific foreign proteins
-B cells create antibodies