227Z extra cards on exam questions Flashcards
how does the thermoneutral zone change with age?
-animal could start off as ectotherm but become endotherm e.g. chick
how to reduce fear with examples
-make environment less scary e.g. stable and predictable, limit exposure to frightening stimuli
-Make the animal less easily scared e.g. selective breeding (dogs?), anxiety reducing drugs
multisystem zoonoses example
ticks-lime disease
singlesystem zoonoses example
tapeworm - in muscle of pig, eat muscle, contract tapeworm
how housing requirements change over an animals lifetime
-space: age, size etc
-reproduction
-social needs
-species/breed
-new legislation
ruminants
-4 chambered stomach: rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum
-chew the cud
-e.g. cow
mono gastric
-single stomach
-standard digestive system
-e.g. humans, dogs
hindgut fermenters
-monogastric herbivores
-more complex caecum and large intestine for digesting grasses etc
-e.g. rabbit, guinea pig, horse
why are young animals especially vulnerable to low temperature
-can’t utilise nutrients effectively straight from birth
-less fat to utilise for warmth
structural features to minimize stress
-hiding areas: away from public eye, create safety
-elevated areas (platforms etc): safety
3 ways animal welfare has been defined, and their flaws
-emotions: hard to assess emotions, what animal is feeling
-functioning: could be healthy and doing what it needs to, but be mentally unhappy
-being itself: could include behaviours we don’t want to see in captivity
nitrogen balance
nitrogen input-output
-can be affected under conditions of decreased food consumption
-young animals might not see decreased nitrogen balance due to high rates of protein synthesis
vector
an organism that transmits an infectious agent
housing requirements
not homogenous as space requirements change over time.
different life stages effect housing requirements
bovine TB
-1930’s
- 50,000 human cases a year
-40% cattle affected
-2,500 deaths
clinical signs and immediate environmental changes to improve welfare
-Pain : oft thick bedding
-Lameness : make climbing easier
-Change in appetite/thirst : favourite foods
-Difficulty eating : Soft food
-Inability to control temperature : provide warmer and colder areas
-Blindness : Don’t move cage furniture around
Preventative health Programme
A series of actions taken to reduce the risk of an animal getting a disease
Disease
an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning
physiological adaptations
-predators/prey: production of venom
-arid/dry environments: adaptation of the kidney to conserve water
-heat: larger ears, increase surface area for heat to escape via blood vessels
effects of photoperiod
-long days stimulate mating, fertility, breeding, birth, egg laying, puberty and time of mating
-courtship plumage in summer
-short days stimulate mating and specific type of wool/feathers
control of TB
-hard to keep domestic and wild animals separate
-chance of mutation as high amount of viruses around
-spread through vector: badgers
OIE
Office International des Epizooties
-early warning system
-monitor animals health, including zoonoses
-member countries make information available to minimise spread of important animal diseases
avian maleria
-serious in penguins
-not zoonotic
-vector spread: protozoa transmitted by mosquitos
-death before clinical signs arise
-lethargy
-blood smear
-anti-malerial drugs
toxoplasmosis
-zoonotic (only from cat)
-sudden death, pneumonia
-spread through faeces
number fish and ornamentals farmed
-between 115 and 277 billion estimated in 2015
-over 1 billion ornamentals traded each year
pharyngeal teeth
second set of teeth, usually at back of throat
epibrancheal
help capture plankton in filter feeding organisms
mucus layer (fish)
-goblet cells secrete mucus, protect tissues from environment
-contains antimicrobial proteins, peptides and enzymes
phagocytic cells
-macrophages and neutrophils
-engulf foreign agents
antimicrobial agents
beta defensins and lysozyme
natural killer cells
kill host cells that have been infected by pathogens
pattern recognition receptors
look for patterns on cells surface and destroy ones they aren’t familiar with
spleen (fish)
-important lymphoid organ
-acts as a checkpoint for circulatory system
-checks for pathogens in blood
lymphoid cells
-T and B cells
-T cells target specific foreign proteins
-B cells create antibodies
