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Helena And Roys Bangers > 204Z references > Flashcards

204Z references Flashcards

1
Q

genetics and extinction: introduction

A

-Richard Frankham
- In small populations, inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity is unavoidable
-Less individuals to mate with and so gene pool gets smaller and smaller

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2
Q

genetics and extinction: inbreeding depression

A

-Richard Frankham
-Effects both wild and captive populations
-Purging of deleterious alleles doesn’t always have great effect in small populations
-Deleterious alleles begin to become ‘neutral’ or ‘fixed’ so harder to be purged
-Small, inbred populations can be recovered by outcrossing

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3
Q

genetics and extinction: loss of genetic diversity

A

-Richard Frankham
-has a long term impact on extinction risk
-genetic diversity is raw material on which adaptation can occur, loss of this will lead to increased risk of extinction

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4
Q

genetics and extinction: mutation accumulation and meltdown

A

-Richard Frankham
-Small populations: drift more powerful than selection
- deleterious alleles increase in frequency

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5
Q

challenges and opportunities of genetic approaches to biological conservation: Genetic management of captive populations

A

-Richard Frankham
-maintain genetic diversity, minimise inbreeding
-prevent genetic adaptation to captivity as this can have a deleterious effect on wild fitness

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6
Q

challenges and opportunities of genetic approaches to biological conservation: conservation genomics

A

-Richard Frankham
-Sequencing whole genomes
-Provides basic information on genetic
diversity of species
-Allows development of genetic markers
-estimate Ne, demographic history, levels of inbreeding, rates of gene flow, differentiation among populations and taxonomic status.

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7
Q

challenges and opportunities of genetic approaches to biological conservation: integrating genetics into conservation biology

A

-Richard Frankham
-Inbreeding explained 26% of extinction risk in in Glanville fritillary butterfly in Finland

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8
Q

The alluring simplicity and complex reality of genetic rescue

A

-tallmon, luikart and waples
-small amount of immigrants in a population can have immediate positive effect on fitness
-important in helping small, fragmented populations survive

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9
Q

The alluring simplicity and complex reality of genetic rescue : Fitness effects of immigrant genes

A

-tallmon, luikart and waples
-First generation of offspring from migrants and local individuals have increase in heterozygosity, but it is common for this to decline in future generations

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10
Q

Extinction vortex (introduction to conservation genetics)

A

-describe the processes that declining populations undergo

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11
Q

Declining population paradigm (Directions in conservation biology)

A

-Causes that make populations small in the first place
-Two areas of theory on declining population paradigm:
o Causes of extinction
o How agents of decline might be identified
-The evil quartet
 Overkill
 Habitat destruction and fragmentation
 Impact of introduced species
 Chains of extinction

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12
Q

Small population paradigm (Directions in conservation biology)

A

-Risk of extinction due to low numbers

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13
Q

Inbreeding coefficient F

A

-Probability that two alleles at any given locus on an individual’s chromosome are identical by descent

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14
Q

estimating inbreeding coefficient

A

-in zoos via breeding registers
-fingerprinting

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15
Q

Hardy Weinberg model (HW)

A

-Calculate genotype frequencies based on allele frequencies
-Theoretical predictions of allele and genotype in the environment

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16
Q

How does a population conform to hardy Weinberg principle?

A

1) Mendelian segregation occurs
2) Random mating (panmixia)
3) No mutation
4) Large population (no drift)
5) No selection
6) No migration

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17
Q

Why is increasing homozygosity a problem for populations?

A

-Leads to dominance and overdominance
-The expression of these two effects leads to an increased genetic load

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18
Q

FST

A

-Used to detect structuring in population
-Panmixia population: high levels of gene flow, mixture of individuals in the population
-Sub-structuring population: no gene flow between them

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19
Q

IBD (isolation by distance)

A

-In many species, as populations become further apart, gene flow becomes lower
-Organisms that are less mobile or disperse further have steeper slopes, as when you get to about 2,000 Km, those populations have no gene flow

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20
Q

How we measure population growth

A

-Using r or lambda

21
Q

Four main vital rates affecting population growth

A
  • Birth rate
  • Death rate
  • Emigration
  • Immigration
22
Q

r

A

b-d (population growth = births-deaths)

23
Q

lambda

A

Nt+1/Nt
(next generation divided by first generation)

24
Q

Abundance

A

population size now
oAbundance = count
Probability of detection

25
Q

Fecundity

A

average number of offspring per individual of a given age in a given step

26
Q

Recruitment

A

net population production after births and deaths accounted for

27
Q

equation that links r and lambda

A

r=ln(λ)(lambda)(Nt+1/Nt)

28
Q

4 studies used and dates

A

-genetics and extinction (2005)
-challenges and opportunities of genetic approaches to biological conservation (2010)
-The alluring simplicity and complex reality of genetic rescue (2004)
-Directions in Conservation Biology: Graeme Caughley (1994)

29
Q

The evil quartet

A

-Overkill
-Habitat destruction and fragmentation
-Impact of introduced species
-Chains of extinction

30
Q

Overkill

A

Hunting at a rate above the maximum sustained yield

31
Q

Habitat destruction and fragmentation

A

Degradation of habitat due to grazing, draining of wetland, cutting down forest.

32
Q

Impact of introduced species

A

Extermination of native species due to introduction of alien (invasive) species

33
Q

Chains of extinction

A

Extinction of one species as a result of extinction of another species

34
Q

agents of decline identification

A

study the natural history of the species to gain knowledge of its ecology, context and status

35
Q

Small population paradigm factors

A

-Demographic stochasticity
-Environmental stochasticity
-Inbreeding
-Inbreeding depression
-Metapopulations
-Minimum viable population
-Population viability analysis

36
Q

Declining population paradigm factors

A

-Minimum viable population
-Population viability analysis

37
Q

Ne equation

A

475/L
-L = generation time

38
Q

ESU

A

-evolutionary significant units
-populations with separate management for conservation due to high distinctiveness

39
Q

pre-zygotic isolation

A

occurs before the formation of a zygote

40
Q

post-zygotic isolation

A

occurs after zygote produced by mating

41
Q

hybridisation

A

occurs when humans introduce exotic species into range of rare species or alter habitat so that previously isolated species are in secondary contact

42
Q

metapopulation

A

population of population
-one big population with loads of subpopulations

43
Q

metapopulation theory

A

-Habitat loss effects metapopulation structure as it decreases amount of connectivity between patches
-When extinction rate exceeds colonisation rate reduction in number of patches occupied in habitat occurs

44
Q

marine metapopulation example

A

-marine isopod: idotea metalica
-lives on surface drifting patches of debris that float around on the open sea

45
Q

How large does Ne need to be for populations to be viable?

A

475 individuals

46
Q

Extinction vortex diagram

A
  • Habitat loss
  • Pollution
  • Over-exploitation
  • Exotic species
47
Q

arithmetic mean

A

add all values, divide by how many

48
Q

geometric mean

A

multiply all values, root by how many values there are

49
Q

negative density dependence

A

death rate exceeds birth rate at large population sizes

Helena And Roys Bangers (3 decks)

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