2.2.2 - Bonding & Structure Flashcards
What are the three main types of chemical bonding?
The three main types of chemical bonding are ionic bonding, covalent bonding, and metallic bonding.
What is ionic bonding?
Ionic bonding occurs when one atom transfers electrons to another atom, forming positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions) that are held together by electrostatic attraction.
What is covalent bonding?
Covalent bonding occurs when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons to achieve a full outer electron shell.
What is metallic bonding?
Metallic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between a lattice of positively charged metal ions and a sea of delocalized electrons. This gives metals their characteristic properties, such as electrical conductivity and malleability.
What is the octet rule in bonding?
The octet rule states that atoms tend to form bonds in such a way that they have eight electrons in their outermost electron shell (except hydrogen, which follows the duet rule).
How does electronegativity affect bonding?
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons in a bond. The greater the difference in electronegativity between two atoms, the more ionic the bond is. If the difference is small, the bond is more covalent.
What is a polar covalent bond?
A polar covalent bond forms when two atoms with different electronegativities share electrons unevenly, creating a dipole (partial positive and negative charges).
What is a non-polar covalent bond?
A non-polar covalent bond occurs when two atoms share electrons equally, usually because they have the same or similar electronegativities.
What is ionization energy?
Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom in its gaseous state. Higher ionization energy indicates a stronger attraction between the nucleus and the electrons.
What is the electrostatic attraction in ionic bonding?
Electrostatic attraction in ionic bonding refers to the force of attraction between positively charged cations and negatively charged anions, which holds the ionic compound together.
How do ionic compounds form crystal lattices?
In ionic compounds, the oppositely charged ions arrange themselves in a regular, repeating pattern known as a crystal lattice, which maximizes the attraction between positive and negative ions.
What are the properties of ionic compounds?
Ionic compounds tend to have high melting and boiling points, are soluble in water, and conduct electricity when molten or dissolved due to the movement of ions.
What is covalent bonding in terms of electron pairs?
Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. Each shared pair of electrons forms one bond, and multiple pairs can form double or triple bonds.
What is the difference between single, double, and triple covalent bonds?
- Single covalent bond: One pair of electrons is shared.
- Double covalent bond: Two pairs of electrons are shared.
- Triple covalent bond: Three pairs of electrons are shared.
What is coordinate (dative) covalent bonding?
Coordinate covalent bonding occurs when both electrons in the shared pair come from the same atom, typically forming when a lone pair of electrons from one atom is donated to an empty orbital of another atom.
What are the properties of covalent compounds?
Covalent compounds tend to have low melting and boiling points, are often non-conductive (do not conduct electricity), and may be soluble in non-polar solvents.
What is metallic bonding in metals?
In metallic bonding, electrons are delocalized and move freely throughout a metal lattice. This results in strong electrical conductivity, malleability, and ductility.
What is the sea of delocalized electrons in metallic bonding?
The sea of delocalized electrons is a model that explains the movement of free electrons around metal cations in metallic bonding. This allows metals to conduct electricity and heat.
What are the properties of metals due to metallic bonding?
Metals are typically good conductors of electricity and heat, malleable, and ductile due to the free movement of delocalized electrons and the strong metallic bonds.
What is bond length?
Bond length is the distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms. It is typically shorter in double and triple bonds than in single bonds due to increased electron sharing.
What is bond strength?
Bond strength refers to the amount of energy required to break a bond. It is typically stronger in multiple bonds (double or triple) than in single bonds.
What is polarizability in bonding?
Polarizability refers to the ability of an atom or molecule’s electron cloud to be distorted by an external electric field, making it more or less likely to form polar bonds.
What is ionization energy and how does it affect bonding?
Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom. Atoms with high ionization energy tend to form covalent bonds, while atoms with low ionization energy tend to form ionic bonds.
What is a simple molecular structure?
A simple molecular structure consists of molecules held together by covalent bonds. The molecules are weakly attracted to each other by intermolecular forces, and these substances typically have low melting and boiling points.
What is a giant covalent structure?
A giant covalent structure (e.g., diamond or graphite) is a network of atoms covalently bonded together in a continuous structure. These compounds have very high melting and boiling points due to the strong covalent bonds.
