2.2.1 & 2.2.3 Flashcards
Causes progressive destruction of the myelin sheaths of neurons in the CNS. This destruction slows and then short-circuits conduction of nerve impulses.
multiple sclerosis (MS)
Loss of neurons that liberate acetylcholine, a key neurotransmitter. It is also hypothesized that beta amyloid plaques can form on the outside of neurons and interfere with cellular communication. Microtubules may also become tangled and alter the cell’s ability to transport materials, ultimately affecting communication.
alzheimer’s
Abnormal electrical discharges from neurons in the brain. Too many neurons are firing at one time. The nature of the seizure is defined by the region of the brain that is affected. If the motor cortex is affected, involuntary contractions of the muscles will result. If the limbic system or the frontal lobes are affected, loss of consciousness may occur.
epilepsy
Loss of dopamine secreting cells in the substantia nigra (midbrain). Dopamine signals allow for coordinated movement. Dopamine mediated pathways are inhibited, and create the variety of symptoms seen in this disorder, including movement problems and abnormal emotional response.
parkinson’s disease
A disease of the motor neurons, hence the reason why a patient with this disease can be severely limited in movement and the ability to control muscles for breathing and speaking, but remains cognitively untouched. When the motor neurons die, the ability of the brain to control muscle movements is severely impaired. Motor neurons can no longer send signals to the muscles and the muscles begin to atrophy.
ALS
This disease results from genetically programmed damage to neurons in particular areas of the brain (hence the variety of symptoms). As specific nerve cells waste away, function declines tremendously. This disease is unique in that it is a autosomal dominant disease, meaning that if a parent has this disease, there is a 50 percent chance that his/her child would also have the disease.
huntington’s disease
Stimulates uterine contraction during labor/ breastfeeding; Causes milk ejection
oxytocin
Causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water during urine formation to maintain proper blood volume. They are stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Metabolic hormone that plays a role in overall body size; Stimulates cell growth and division in target cells of skeletal muscles and long bones
growth hormone
Influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland.
thyrotropic hormone
In females, triggers egg release and hormone production in ovaries; In males, stimulates testosterone production in the testes
luteinizing hormone
Decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be deposited in the bones.
calcitonin
Involved in fight-or-flight response; Increase blood flow to the brain and muscles; Increase heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure
epinephrine/norepinephrine
All of the following are hormones produced by the adrenal glands EXCEPT
oxytocin
what part is #1?
hypothalamus
what part is #2?
pituitary
what part is #3?
parathyroid
what part is #4?
thyroid
what part is #5?
adrenal glands
what part is #6?
pancreas
what part is #7?
ovaries
what part is #8?
testes
what step is this?
STIMULUS: blood glucose level rises
what step is this?
beta cells in pancreas release insulin into the blood
what step is this?
insulin
what step is this?
liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen
what step is this?
body cells take up glucose
what step is this?
blood glucose levels decline
what step is this?
STIMULUS: blood glucose level falls
what step is this?
alpha cells in pancreas release glucagon
what step is this?
glucagon
what step is this?
liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose
what step is this?
blood glucose levels rise
