2.2 Variations in economic activity, aggregate demand and aggregate supply Flashcards
What is aggregate demand
the total spending on goods and services in a period of time at a given average price level
relationship between average price level and real output
Why does the AD curve have a negative slope
the total demand from all sectors within the economy
Consumption, investment, government spending and foreign sector
as the average price level of the economy falls, the level output of all these sectors increase
What happens as the average price level falls
purchasing power of income and wealth (C + I + G) increases
interest rates decrease so there is more C, I and G
exchange rates of currency will also decrease, the currency depreciates and so there is more exports and less imports
therefore AD will increase
Four components fo AD
Consumption
Investment
government spending
foreign sector
What is consumption
the total spending by consumers/household sector on domestic goods and services
durable goods - used over a period of time like cars
non-durable goods - used over a short period of time, rice, toilet paper
Investment
addition of capital stock to the economy carried out by firms
replacement investment - spending on capital to maintain productivity of existing capital
induced investment - spending on capital to increase output due to an increase in demand in the economy
Government spending
the spending on health, education, law and order, defense, transport, housing…. carried out by the federal, state and local government
the amount they spend depends on the governments policies and objectives
Net exports
exports (X) - domestic goods and services bought by foreigners = results in an inflow of exports revenue to the country
Imports (M) - goods and services brought from foreign producers = results in an outflow of import expenditure
AD =
C + I + G + (X - M)
what changes consumption
changes in consumer confidence
changes in interest rates
changes in wealth
changes in personal income taxes
changes in household indebtedness
what happens when consumer confidence is high
consumption increases
AD will increase
what happens when consumer confidence is low
C will fall
AD will fall
What happens when interest rates are high
households save more and borrow less,\
c decreases and AD drops
what happens when interest rates fall
households save less and borrow more
C increase
AD increases
what happens when household wealth increases
C increases
AD increases
what happens when wealth is lower
C decreases
AD decreases
what is disposable income
the income left after taxes have been deducted
what happens when personal income decreases
households have more disposable income increases
C increases
AD increases
what happens when personal income taxes increases
households have less disposable income
C decreases
AD decreases
what happens when household is in more debt
less income to spend
c decreases
AD decreases
what happens when household has less debt
households have more income to spend
C increases
AD increases
What factors change investment
interest rates
business confidence
technology
business taxes
level of corporate indebtedness
what happens when interest rates change
Interest rates increases
business borrow less
I decreases
AD decreases
when interest rates fall
business borrow more
I increases
AD increases
what happens when business confidence changes
business confidence high
I increases
AD increases
when business confidence is low
I decreases
AD decreases
usually in recession s
what does changes in technology
improvements in technology has higher productivity, I increases and AD increases
deterioration in technology, fall in productivity , I decreases and AD decreases
what happens when business taxes change
when business taxes fall
I and AD increases
when business taxes rise
I and AD decreases
what happens when the level of corporate indebtedness changes
the less debt businesses accumulate, the more they can spend on investment
I and AD increases
the more debt businesses accumulate, the less they can spend on investment
I and AD decreases
What factors affect government spending
political priorities
economic priorities
What changes political priorities
election campaign promises
national security issues
austerity measures - claims to balance the government budget deficit
general welfare of society
foreign policy issues - aid given to developing countries
What are economic priorities
boosting economic growth
G and AD will increase
Maintain stable rate of inflation
G and AD will decrease
Lowering unemployment rate
G and AD will increase
Achieving a more equitable distribution of income and wealth
G and AD will increase
what government policy tools affect AD
fiscal policy and monetary policy
what is fiscal policy
government policies relating to the use of taxation and government expenditure to influence AD
- direct taxes
- indirect taxes
- government expenditure
what is monetary policy
government policies relating to the use of supply of money and the level of interest rates in an economy to influence AD
Lower interest rates and greater supply of money would increase AD
what happens when trading partners experience economy growth
foreign demand for our G and S will increase
X and AD increases
what happens when trading partners experience recessions in economy activity
foreign demand for our G and S will decrease
X and AD decrease
what happens when domestic national income increases
consumer increase their demand for all sort of goods and services so demand for M also increased
M increases, AD decreases
what happens when domestic national income decreases
consumers decreases their demand for foreign goods
M decreases and AD increases
what happens when the currency rises (appreciates)
imports become cheaper - M increases
Exports become more expensive and decrease
AD decreases
what happens when the currency falls (deppreciates)
imports become more expensive - M decreases
exports become cheaper X increases and AD increases
what happens when trading partners adopt more free trade policies
demand for X increases so AD increases
what happens when trading partners adopt more protectionist trade policies
Demand for X decreases and so does AD
what is aggregate supply AS
the total amount of goods and services that all industries in the economy will produce at every given price level
it is the sum of the supply curves of all the industries in the economy
what is the short run
the period of tine where prices of factors of production are fixed - particularly wages for labour are fixed
why does the SRAS slope upwards
to produce more output, firms have to give workers more incentives to work more, pay more wages
cost of production rise and are passed on to consumers in the form of higher prices, average price level in the economy rises
what causes shifts in SRAS
changes in indirect tax and subsidies
supply shocks
changes in the prices of factors of production
what happens if FAPs Increase
cost of production will increase, SRAS will decrease
what happens if FOPs decrease
cost of production will decrease and SRAS will increase
what happens if indirect taxes or subsidies decrease
cost of production will increase
SRAS will decrease
what happens if indirect taxes decrease and subsidies increase
cost of production will decrease and SRAS will increase and shift to the right