22 - The Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

direct formation of bone by osteoblasts without prior formation of a cartilage model

Answer 1

intramembranous bone formation

Question 2

formation of bone as, first, a cartilage model that is then reabsorbed and converted into bone

Answer 2

endochondral bone formation

Question 3

achondroplasia

Answer 3

• faulty endochondral bone formation
• imparied growth of extremities and formation of skull bones
• causes dwarfism with disproportionately short limbs

Question 4

congenital malposition of foot. in most common type, foot is turned inward at ankle and heel is elevated.

Answer 4

clubfoot (talipes)

Question 5

• young, middle aged, female
• systemic disease with major effects in joints
• ingrowth of inflammatory tissue over cartilage
• affects small joints of hands and feet
• autoantibody against gamma globulin

Answer 5

Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 6

• adult, older persons, both genders
• wear and tear degeneration of articular cartilage
• affects major weight-bearing joints

Answer 6

osteoarthritis

Question 7

• middle aged, male
• disturbance of purine metabolism; uric acid and crystals in joints
• affects small joints; joint at base of big toe often affected

Answer 7

gout

Question 8

simple fracture

Answer 8

bone broken in only two pieces

Question 9

comminuted fracture

Answer 9

bone shattered into many pieces

Question 10

compound fracture

Answer 10

overlying skin is broken with potential for infection

Question 11

pathologic fracture

Answer 11

fracture through a diseased area in the bone

Question 12

osteomyelitis

Answer 12

• infection of bone and adjacent marrow cavity as a result of bacteria
• mostly in children
• in adults, infection may spread to joints

Question 13

chondrosarcoma

Answer 13

malignant tumor of cartilage

Question 14

osteosarcoma

Answer 14

malignant tumor of bone forming cells

Question 15

generalized thinning and demineralization of entire skeletal system

• most common in postmenopausal women
• loss of estrogen accelerates rate of bone reabsorption

Answer 15

osteoporosis

Question 16

When the lower part of the sternum is displaced posteriorly, sometimes called “funnel chest”, which is a relatively common abnormality occurring in about 1 in 300-400 white males less often in white females and other ethnic groups.

Answer 16

Pectus excavatum

Question 17

A relatively common disease when connective tissue fibers are constructed from a precursor protein called fibrillin, and a mutation of the gene coding for fibrillin (FBN 1) gives rise to a group of abnormalities grouped together.

Answer 17

Marfan Syndrome

Question 18

Acetylcholine

Answer 18

A chemical secreted by nerve endings that activates neurons or muscle cells

Question 19

Myasthenia gravis

Answer 19

An autoimmune disease characterized by abnormal fatigueability of muscle and caused by an autoantibody that damages the acetylcholine receptors at the myoneural junction