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Physiology Block 2 > 22-Sleep > Flashcards

22-Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

Define Sleep

A

Unconsciousness from which the person can be aroused by sensory or other stimuli.

Sleep is:
• A behavioral state
• Natural part of our lives
• Requiredactivity,notanoption
• Highly organized following regular cyclic pattern
• Caffeine/stimulants cannot substitute for sleep

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2
Q

effects of sleep deprivation

A
  • apparent state of paranoia
  • hallucinations
  • impaired cognition
  • diverse physiological signs
  • deterioration of immune system

*can maybe go a little more than 10 days without sleep before dying

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3
Q

as you become sleep deprived what happens to alertness and temperature

A

less alert and your temperature also slightly decreases over time

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4
Q

what type of sleep is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality

A

too much and too little sleep

-too much sleep is also associated with diabetes and hypertension

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5
Q

best average number of hours we need to sleep per night

A

7.5 is the perfect number of hours

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6
Q

functions of sleep

A
  • Restoration and recovery of body systems
  • Replenish energy stores
  • Repairing body systems after periods of energy consumption and tissue breakdown
  • Conserve energy

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep is needed for
– Memory consolidation
– Reinforcement of learning
– Helping to clear unneeded memories

*During non-REM sleep there is a flushing out of brain waste products with CSF

—None of these explain why sleep is better than just resting while awake, we dont know that yet.

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7
Q

Motor activities during sleep

A

NREMSleep
– Few motor events
– Body repositioning

REMSleep

– Paralysis
• Postsynaptic inhibition of motorneurons
• Hyperpolarization of motoneuron membranes

– Phasic events
• Rapid eye movements
• Muscle twitches

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8
Q

NREM and REM Sleep Comparison in the Central Nervous system

A

NREM Sleep

  • Discharge rate of neurons
  • Cerebral glucose utilization decreased

REM Sleep

  • Discharge rate of neurons increased (Rapid eye movements)
  • Cerebral glucose utilization and blood flow increased
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9
Q

Sleep architecture (time in each stage)

A
  • Alternating between NREM and REM sleep
  • Brief arousals
  • Deepest NREM sleep early in the night
  • REM longer as the night progresses
  • Age-dependent changes
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10
Q

Sleep architecture: age differences

A

Quantification: Total sleep time and percent of REM sleep decrease with age

Note:
• High percent of REM sleep in infants
• Fragmented and relatively reduced sleep time in the elderly
• Dominance of REM in infants is thought to reflect synaptic and brain development

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11
Q

sleep load

A

proprensity to go to sleep (this load is built throughout the day and goes away when you sleep)

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12
Q

alert signal

A

counters the sleep load and then the alert signal drops off while youre sleeping which alleviates the sleep load

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13
Q

two factors of sleep and awake

A
  1. homeostatic

2. circadian

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14
Q

Sleep regulation: circadian factors

A

Internal biological clock
– Sleepy at night
– Awake during the day

Approximate 24-hour period

Hypothalmic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Regulates endogenous biological rhythms

Entrained to match the day length by retina input to the SCN.

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15
Q

environmental cues and sleep

A

natural rhythm over scn is 26 hours but in reality its 24 hours cause of inputs we receive from external cues

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16
Q

sleep regulation with melatonin

A
  • Melatonin increases at night
  • Can produce shifts in circadian rhythms
  • Is thought to promote sleep
17
Q

what contributes to sleep and wake regulation

A

neuromodulators (they change during sleep)

  • Serotoninergic neurons (in raphe pallidus )
  • Noradrenergic neurons (in locus coeruleus)
  • Decrease activity from wakefulness during sleep
  • Pontine LDT/PPT & FTG increase ACH to mediate REM
  • Wakefulness promoting substances: Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Histamine
  • Sleep promoting substances: Opioids, GABA
  • REM sleep mediated by pontine ACH release
18
Q

wake promoting factors

A
  • increase excitatory neuromodulators
  • increase circadian
  • decrease homeostatic
19
Q

nREM promoting factors

A
  • decreased excitatory neuromodulators
  • decreased circadian
  • increased homeostatic
20
Q

REM promoting factors

A
  • decreased excitatory neuromodulators
  • decreased circadian
  • increased homeostatic
  • increased acetylcholine
21
Q

what controls neuromodulators

A

brainstem

22
Q

what controls circadian and homeostatic factors

A

hypothalamus

23
Q

physiologic (breathing) changes from wakefulness to sleep

A

Ventilatory:
• Reduced ventilation and hypoventilation secondary to reduced neuromodulation during sleep

  • Central sleep apnea- Transient cessation of breathing due to dysfunction of respiratory rhythm generator most often caused by opioid-induced increased inhibition
  • Obstructive sleep apnea- Respiratory rhythm generator is functional but airway is closed due to lack of genioglossal muscle activity.
  • Congenital central alveolar hypoventilation- lack of chemoreceptor excitation results in apnea during sleep
  • Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)- dysfunctional serotonin system results in attenuated chemoreceptor activity
24
Q

hemodynamic changes during sleep

A
  • Result from alteration in autonomic system
  • Parasympathetic activity predominates
  • Heart rate and cardiac output decrease
  • Cerebral blood flow decreases in NREM, increases during REM
  • During phasic REM, blood pressure and heart rate are unstable due to phasic vagal inhibition and sympathetic activation
  • Decrease in total vascular resistance during sleep
25
Q

body temperature and sleep

A
  • Begins to fall at sleep onset (1-20 Celsius)
  • Lowest Temperature during the 3rd NREM/REM cycle
  • During REM thermoregulation inoperative
  • Sweating and shivering seen in NREM but not REM
26
Q

what happens to the limb muscles while you sleep (neuromuscular)

A

• Muscle tone maximal awake, slightly decreased during NREM, absent during REM sleep (save the diaphragm).

27
Q

what happens to upper airway muscles while you sleep (neuromuscular)

A
  • Reduction of dilator (genioglossal) activity during NREM further reduction during REM
  • Increased in upper airway resistance and narrowing of the upper airway space
28
Q

GI and sleep

A

GI secretion

  • Circadian rhythm
  • Peaks between 10:00 p.m. and 2:00 a.m.
  • No relationship to different stages of sleep

GI Motility
-Overall inhibition of gastric motor function during sleep

29
Q

Endocrine: Growth hormone and sleep

A
  • Plasma concentrations peak 90 minutes after sleep onset
  • Higher in men than women
  • Duration of 1-3 hours, related to SWS
  • Sleep deprivation suppresses GH secretion
30
Q

Endocrine: Parathyroid and sleep

A
  • Increased levels during sleep

* Peaks 2 -4 a.m.

31
Q

Endocrine: Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and sleep

A
  • Cortisol decreases with sleep onset

* Cortisol levels lowest in early part of sleep, highest from 4– 8 a.m.

32
Q

Endocrine: Prolactin and Sleep

A
  • Sleep dependent pattern
  • Highest plasma concentrations during sleep
  • Levels begin to rise 60-90 minutes after sleep onset
  • Higher in women than men
  • Peak 5 – 7 a.m.
33
Q

Endocrine: gonadotropin and sleep

A
  • During pre-puberty and puberty stages in boys and girls, levels increase during sleep
  • Plasma testosterone levels rise at sleep onset and continue to rise throughout sleep
  • No clear relationship in FHS and LH plasma levels has been found during sleep
34
Q

Endocrine: thyroid stimulating hormone and sleep

A
  • peak shortly before sleep onset
  • TSH secretion is inhibited by sleep
  • Greatest inhibition during SWS
35
Q

Endocrine: Aldosterone and sleep

A

Increased during sleep

36
Q

Endocrine: Melatonin and sleep

A

• Increases in sleep to peak 3 to 5 a.m.

• Highest levels correspond to lowest core body
temperature

37
Q

Endocrine: Antidiuretic Hormone and sleep

A

• Episodic secretion, however no relationship to sleep

38
Q

ultradian rhythm

A

rhythm occurring within a period of less than 24 hours

Physiology Block 2 (21 decks)

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