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Linguistics 2.1 Resit > 2.2 Resit > Flashcards

2.2 Resit Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

A conscious process of accumulating knowledge

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2
Q

Acquiring

A

the gradual development of ability in a language by using it naturally

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3
Q

Linguistics

A

learning about the language

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4
Q

Language Skills

A

Acquiring the language

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5
Q

Phonetics: British English has how many symbols?

A

44 symbols

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6
Q

Phonetics: American English has how many symbols?

A

40 symbols

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7
Q

Phoneme

A

A phoneme is the smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
For example: ph - o - n - e - m(e) = 5 phonemes

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8
Q

Vowels are produced with…

A

No obstruction to the escape of air through the mouth

Vibration of the vocal cords

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9
Q

Vowels are represented in spelling by….

A

a - e - i - o - u and sometimes Y

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10
Q

Examples of Vowels

A 
knee = ee /i:/
goose = oo /u:/
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11
Q

Consonants are produced with…

A

Various types of obstruction to the airflow

Produced with or without vibration of the vocal cords

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12
Q

Consonant examples

A

boat= b /b/ and t /t/

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13
Q

Varieties of English

Give examples of varieties (7)

A

African American English, Australian English, American English, Indian English (South Asian English), Irish English, Jamaican English (Caribbean English), South African English

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14
Q

If you look at varieties what conclusions can you draw?

A
  • Each variety has its own qualities/characteristics
  • Context decides with variety is asked for
  • There is not one standard English
  • Varieties are different, not better than one another
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15
Q

Characteristics of: African American English

A

No third person singular -s
She buy some every day
He like it, do he?

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16
Q

Characteristics of: Indian English

A

Retroflex thrilled /r/

/v/ - /w/ merging

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17
Q

Characteristics of: Jamaican English

A

No plural s in nouns
the woman bake a cake, the girl bake a cake
Me instead of I in coordinate subjects
No gender distinction in third person singular

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18
Q

Characteristics of: South African English

A

Use of all purpose response question ‘is it?’

/r/ is not pronounced in syllable-final position

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19
Q

What are the tenses?

A

Present and Past

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20
Q

What are the aspects of the tenses?

A

Present Simple,
Present Progressive,

Past Simple,
Past Progressive,

Present Perfect Simple,
Present Perfect Progressive,

Past Perfect Simple,
Past Perfect Progressive

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21
Q

What is the Present Simple?

A

I walk, I work, I play
I wash the car.

= for timeless truths, permanent situations and things that happen regularly

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22
Q

What is the Present Progressive?

A

I am walking, I am eating, We are going.
I am washing the car.

= repeated actions and events happening around the present

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23
Q

What is the Past Simple?

A

-ed is simple
- Walked
- I saw a movie, I walked, She washed
I washed the car.

= For longer situations quickly finished actions and repeated events in the past

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24
Q

What is the Past Progressive?

A
  • Was walking
    I was washing the car.

= temporary actions were in progress around a particular past time

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25
Q

What is the Present Perfect Simple?

A

Has lived, Have written, Has done

= a finished action that is connected with the present in some way (usually with words that mean at/some/anytime/up to now

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26
Q

What is the Present Perfect Progressive?

A 
Have been, Has been + -ing 
- Have been walking
- I have been living in this house
- We have been working out
I have been washing the car

= To look back over repeated actions which started in the past and are still going on

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27
Q

What is the Past Perfect Simple?

A

After Sofie had finished her work, she went to lunch.
I washed the floor when the painter had gone

= Earlier past

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28
Q

What is the Past Perfect Progressive?

A

had been + when
- Had been walking
- I had been working at the company for five years when I got the promotion.
I had been washing the car.

= to say how long something had been happening up to a past moment

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29
Q

Future with going to:

A
  • The sky is very black. Its going to snow.
  • Its 8.30, you’re going to miss your train.

= To make prediction, talk about future plans

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30
Q

Future with will:

A
  • I will meet him later
  • You will come
  • She will be late

= To talk about the future, give or ask information about the future

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31
Q

Future progressive:

A

Will + Be + -ing

  • The children will be walking to school
  • Your students will be coming soon

= Indicate a future event that will be ongoing

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32
Q

Future with present simple:

A
  • I start work at 8 tomorrow
  • I’m playing football tomorrow

= Future even that is scheduled (timetable, written in diary etc.)

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33
Q

Future with present progressive (continuous):

A

Will be + ing

  • In two months I will be eating a plant based diet
  • In a year, he will be asking for forgiveness

= Personal arrangements and fixed plans that have been decided,
Indicated that something WILL occur in the future and continue for an expected length of time

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34
Q

Future with perfect simple:

A

Will have + ed

  • Shannon will have gardened by then
  • We will have met Julie

= Indicates a future event that has a definitive end date

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35
Q

Future with perfect progressive:

A

Will + have + been + ing

  • She will have been living in Ireland for heten years at that point
  • If its midnight, he will have been sleeping for hours by then
  • When our parents get married, I will have been singing professionally for over a year

= Two time expressions: one specifying time in the future and one stating the length of the activity

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36
Q

Tense and Aspect: What is Tense? And the versions (2)

A

A time frame.

Present and Past tense

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37
Q

Tense and Aspect: What is aspect?

A

How we see the event: completion, frequency, repetition or not and duration

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38
Q

Tense and Aspect: What is the Present tense?

A

Things happening in the present.

  • The king of the Netherlands Is Willem Alexander
    = Non progressive verbs to refer to states
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39
Q

Tense and Aspect: What is the Past Tense

A

Things happening in the past.

She got into trouble several times
= for longer situations, quickly finished actions and repeated events in the past.

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40
Q

What is the continuous aspect or present continuous?

A

I am reading a book

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41
Q

What is the continuous aspect of past continuous?

A

I was reading a book when the phone rang

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42
Q

What is the Perfect aspect?

A

I have lied here for two years,

I had finished the report when he arrived

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43
Q

State verbs consist of….

A

A State and an Action

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44
Q

Name a few state verbs

A

Thoughts and opinions = I think that’s a good idea
Feelings and emotions = I love this song!
Senses and perceptions = He seems to be a kind person
Possessions = She owns two houses and a caravan

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45
Q

State verbs with Actions DO

A

State: What do you do for a living?

Action: What re you doing (explaining your actions)

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46
Q

State verbs with Actions TASTE

A

State: This soup tastes great!

Action: Look! The chef is tasting the soup.

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47
Q

What are realisations?

A

The difference between a phrase and a clause

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48
Q

What are phrases? (5)

A 
It is used as a single part of a speech
Examples:
Noun Phrase (NP)
Verb Phrase (VP)
Adjective Phrase (AdjP)
Adverb Phrase (AdvP)
Prepositional Phrase (PP)
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49
Q

Phrase Analysis: NP

What are the three functions?

A

Determiners: words that introduce the head
Head: The most important word
Modifiers: Words that give additional information about the quality of the head

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50
Q

Give examples of Determiners

A

Ask which? > answer

Which book? That book. That is a determiner
Which countries? both countries. Both is a determiner

Determiners only come BEFORE the head noun

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51
Q

Give examples of modifiers?

A

Ask what kind of > answer. It describes the quality of the noun.

What kinda of car? > my NEW car
What kinda of students? > ADVANCED students
What kind of names? EXTREMELY FUNNY names

52
Q

How to determine the kind of phrase?

A
  1. Find the head (=most important word)
  2. Determine the word class of the head
  3. Word class decides type of phrase
53
Q

Which verb categories (word classes) do you specify?

A

Lexical Verb
Copula Verb
Primary Auxiliary
Modal Auxiliary

54
Q

What are the lexical verbs?

A

TO

to walk, to talk, to decide etc

55
Q

What are the Copula verbs?

A

TO

to be, to become, to look

56
Q

What are the Primary Auxiliary?

A

have, do, be

57
Q

What are the Modal Auxiliary?

A

can, could, may, must, might, will etc.

58
Q

Which verb forms do you specify? (2)

A

Finite and Non-Finite

59
Q

What are the finite verbs?

A

When the first verb in VP changes, for example could

Raman tries to sing.
We try to sing.
They try to sing.
I have tried to sing

Verb ‘try’ has changed according to the changed in person, number and tense of the subject

60
Q

What are the non finite verbs?

A

A verb that does not show time or a verb which is not limited by number, person.

Raman tries to sing.
We try to sing.
They try to sing.

the verb ‘sing’ has remains unchanged in spite of numerous person and tense.

61
Q

Types of non-finite:

A

Infinitive: to walk
Gerund: acts like nouns, ends in =ing, skiing, reading, dancing, singing
Present Participle: used as an adjective or adverb. -ing form writing signing, raising
Past participle: walked, written, sung, raised

62
Q

How to we check whether it is non finite or finite?

A

Non finite doesn’t change when the tense or number changes
such as giving and asking

Finite changes when the tense changes
such as are and will or have

63
Q

Realizations (phrases and functions): Pulp fiction / is / totally overrated

A

S:NP / V:VP/ SC:AdjP

64
Q

Name the sentences? (3)

A

Simple sentence
Complex sentence
Compound sentence

65
Q

What is a simple sentence?

A

A sentence in which each function is realised by a phrase

66
Q

What is a complex sentence?

A

A sentence in which one or more of the functions are realised by dependent clauses

67
Q

What do we call a sentence with a dependent clause?

A

A complex sentence

uses subordinating conjunctions and non finite verbs

68
Q

When is something an independent clause?

A

When sentences can stand on their own, because of the coordinating conjunction.
Finite verbs

The hero always does it AND it always ends badly

69
Q

What do we call a sentence with independent clause?

A

Compound sentence

70
Q

What are the coordinating conjunctions?

A

FANBOYS

FOR AND NOR BUT OR YET SO

71
Q

What are the subordinating conjunction?

A

When, before, that, because, as soon as, since, before etc.

72
Q

What is the sentence?

John had never been to such a fantastic restaurant

A

Simple sentence

73
Q

What is the sentence?

He understood little about the situation

A

Simple sentence

74
Q

What is the sentence?

I had scarcely finished writing my essay when the examiner announced the end of the exam

A

Complex

75
Q

Name the Functions (7)

A 
Subject (S)
Verb (V)
Direct Object (DO)
Indirect Object (IO)
Subject Complement (SC)
Object Complement (OC)
Adverbial (A)
76
Q

Functions: What is the subject?

A

first participant, the person/thing performing the action.

77
Q

How can you find the subject? By asking…

A

Who or what + verb(s)?

78
Q

Functions: What is the Verb?

A

it shows the action or state

79
Q

Functions: What is the Direct Object?

A

second participant, the person/thing receiving the action.

80
Q

How can you find the Direct Object (DO)?

By asking…

A

Subject + verb(s) + what?

81
Q

Functions: What is the Indirect Object? (IO)

A

third participant, the person or thing that receives the effect of the action of a verb with two objects.

82
Q

How can you find the Indirect Object (IO)?

By asking…

A

Subject + verb(s) + direct object + to whom or for whom

83
Q

Functions: What is the Subject Complement?

A

says something about the subject(first participant), it identifies or characterizes the subject:

84
Q

How can you find the Subject Complement (SC)?

A

Subject + verb(s) + what

85
Q

Functions: What is the Object Complement (OC)?

A

says something about the second participant, it identifies or character sized the direct object.

86
Q

How can you find the Object Complement (OC)?

A

ask verb(s) + subject + direct object + what?

87
Q

Functions: What is the Adverbial (A)?

A

describes the setting, it gives information about place, time, manner, frequency reason why, etc.

88
Q

How can you find the Adverbial (A)?

A

where/when/how/why etc.

89
Q

Sentence analysis consist of 7 realisations. Which are they?

A

Phrases 5 and Clauses 2 (Finite and non finite clauses)

90
Q

What are the content words?

A

Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

91
Q

What are the function words?

A

articles, conjunctions, prepositions, pronouns

92
Q

What are nouns?

A

words to refer to people, objects, creatures, places, qualities, phenomena, things

93
Q

What are articles?

A

A, An, The

94
Q

What are adjectives?

A

Nouns to provide information about the things referred to

tall small ugly etc.

95
Q

What are Verbs?

A

to refer to actions (talk, go) or states (be, have)

96
Q

What are adverbs?

A

used with verbs to give more information about
actions (slowly)
states and events (yesterday, tomorrow)
seriously, madly, quickly, often, here, there, soon etc.

97
Q

What are Prepositions?

A

Used with nouns in phrases providing information about time, place and other connections.

in, on, under, with, without etc.

98
Q

What are pronouns?

A

She her it we you they me him her us

99
Q

What are Conjunctions?

A

Used to make connections and indicate relationships between events

and, but, or for when before, since until

100
Q

When is something a Phrase?

A

When a word/group of words with a head but with no subject and verb

101
Q

When is something a clause?

A

When a group of words with a subject and verb, but no head

102
Q

What is a relative pronoun?

A

who, whom, whose, which, that

103
Q

A Relative pronoun can be the…… in a relative clause.

A

Subject or Object of verbs

The umbrella that I bought last week is already broken.
that refers to the umbrella (object of the verb in the relative clause)

104
Q

Wat is a conditional sentence?

A

Conditional sentences connect two things: a condition and a result.

Something happens as a result of something else, or happens only if a certain condition is met

105
Q

What are the four types of conditionals?

A

Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional

106
Q

What is the Zero conditional?

A

“If you heat water enough, it boils.”

This refers to any time you heat water enough.

107
Q

What is the First conditional?

A

“If you heat that water enough, it’ll boil.”

This is about a likely result of a specific present or future action.

108
Q

What is the Second conditional?

A

“If you heated that water enough, it would boil.”

This is about a possible future result of an imagined present or future action.

109
Q

What is the Third conditional?

A

“If you had heated that water enough, it would have boiled. “

This is about an imagined past result of a past event that didn’t actually happen.

110
Q

When does the zero conditional happen?

A

Any time

probability 100%

111
Q

When does the first conditional happen?

A

future

probability is 50%

112
Q

When does the second conditional happen?

A

future

probability is also 10%

113
Q

When does the third conditional happen?

A

past, probability is also zero

114
Q

Wat is connected speech?

A

Connected speech often leads to a faster, less careful delivery → words run into each other.

115
Q

What are modals?

A

Can, could, should, must, might, will, allowed to, have to, ought to

116
Q

What is Elision?

A

It is the omission of sounds, syllables or words in speech.

when a /t/ or /d/ sound is between two consonant sounds

117
Q

Give examples of Elision

A

‘I don’t know’ /I duno/ ,

/kamra/ for camera

kept going
kepgoing

118
Q

What is assimilation in alveolar?

A

flaT
gooD
meaN

crediT
harD
dreSS

/t/ /d/ /n/

119
Q

What is assimilation in bilabial?

A 
Boots
Morning
Card
Girl
SHop
/p/ /b/ /m/ /k/
120
Q

What is intonation?

A

The melody of spoken language:

the way the musical pitch of the voice rises and falls.

121
Q

3 common patterns of Intonation

A

Input
Falling
Rising

122
Q

What is antepenultimate?

A

The syllable that comes two before the last in a word.

animal, citizen, comedy, dangerous, obvious

words ending in -cy, -gy, -ty, -phy, -gy
words ending in -al

123
Q

What is the basic rule of forming passives?

A

The object of the active sentence becomes the subject
The subject of the active sentence becomes the agent
Form of to be + past participle

124
Q

Make this sentence passive:

Students learn English

A

English is learned by students

125
Q

Make this passive: He loves me.

A

I am loved

126
Q

Make this active: The children were taken to the circus.

A

We took our children to the circus.

Linguistics 2.1 Resit (4 decks)

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