2.2 Resit Flashcards
Learning
A conscious process of accumulating knowledge
Acquiring
the gradual development of ability in a language by using it naturally
Linguistics
learning about the language
Language Skills
Acquiring the language
Phonetics: British English has how many symbols?
44 symbols
Phonetics: American English has how many symbols?
40 symbols
Phoneme
A phoneme is the smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
For example: ph - o - n - e - m(e) = 5 phonemes
Vowels are produced with…
No obstruction to the escape of air through the mouth
Vibration of the vocal cords
Vowels are represented in spelling by….
a - e - i - o - u and sometimes Y
Examples of Vowels
knee = ee /i:/ goose = oo /u:/
Consonants are produced with…
Various types of obstruction to the airflow
Produced with or without vibration of the vocal cords
Consonant examples
boat= b /b/ and t /t/
Varieties of English
Give examples of varieties (7)
African American English, Australian English, American English, Indian English (South Asian English), Irish English, Jamaican English (Caribbean English), South African English
If you look at varieties what conclusions can you draw?
- Each variety has its own qualities/characteristics
- Context decides with variety is asked for
- There is not one standard English
- Varieties are different, not better than one another
Characteristics of: African American English
No third person singular -s
She buy some every day
He like it, do he?
Characteristics of: Indian English
Retroflex thrilled /r/
/v/ - /w/ merging
Characteristics of: Jamaican English
No plural s in nouns
the woman bake a cake, the girl bake a cake
Me instead of I in coordinate subjects
No gender distinction in third person singular
Characteristics of: South African English
Use of all purpose response question ‘is it?’
/r/ is not pronounced in syllable-final position
What are the tenses?
Present and Past
What are the aspects of the tenses?
Present Simple,
Present Progressive,
Past Simple,
Past Progressive,
Present Perfect Simple,
Present Perfect Progressive,
Past Perfect Simple,
Past Perfect Progressive
What is the Present Simple?
I walk, I work, I play
I wash the car.
= for timeless truths, permanent situations and things that happen regularly
What is the Present Progressive?
I am walking, I am eating, We are going.
I am washing the car.
= repeated actions and events happening around the present
What is the Past Simple?
-ed is simple
- Walked
- I saw a movie, I walked, She washed
I washed the car.
= For longer situations quickly finished actions and repeated events in the past
What is the Past Progressive?
- Was walking
I was washing the car.
= temporary actions were in progress around a particular past time
What is the Present Perfect Simple?
Has lived, Have written, Has done
= a finished action that is connected with the present in some way (usually with words that mean at/some/anytime/up to now
What is the Present Perfect Progressive?
Have been, Has been + -ing - Have been walking - I have been living in this house - We have been working out I have been washing the car
= To look back over repeated actions which started in the past and are still going on
What is the Past Perfect Simple?
After Sofie had finished her work, she went to lunch.
I washed the floor when the painter had gone
= Earlier past
What is the Past Perfect Progressive?
had been + when
- Had been walking
- I had been working at the company for five years when I got the promotion.
I had been washing the car.
= to say how long something had been happening up to a past moment
Future with going to:
- The sky is very black. Its going to snow.
- Its 8.30, you’re going to miss your train.
= To make prediction, talk about future plans
Future with will:
- I will meet him later
- You will come
- She will be late
= To talk about the future, give or ask information about the future
Future progressive:
Will + Be + -ing
- The children will be walking to school
- Your students will be coming soon
= Indicate a future event that will be ongoing
Future with present simple:
- I start work at 8 tomorrow
- I’m playing football tomorrow
= Future even that is scheduled (timetable, written in diary etc.)
Future with present progressive (continuous):
Will be + ing
- In two months I will be eating a plant based diet
- In a year, he will be asking for forgiveness
= Personal arrangements and fixed plans that have been decided,
Indicated that something WILL occur in the future and continue for an expected length of time
Future with perfect simple:
Will have + ed
- Shannon will have gardened by then
- We will have met Julie
= Indicates a future event that has a definitive end date
Future with perfect progressive:
Will + have + been + ing
- She will have been living in Ireland for heten years at that point
- If its midnight, he will have been sleeping for hours by then
- When our parents get married, I will have been singing professionally for over a year
= Two time expressions: one specifying time in the future and one stating the length of the activity
Tense and Aspect: What is Tense? And the versions (2)
A time frame.
Present and Past tense
Tense and Aspect: What is aspect?
How we see the event: completion, frequency, repetition or not and duration
Tense and Aspect: What is the Present tense?
Things happening in the present.
- The king of the Netherlands Is Willem Alexander
= Non progressive verbs to refer to states
Tense and Aspect: What is the Past Tense
Things happening in the past.
She got into trouble several times
= for longer situations, quickly finished actions and repeated events in the past.
What is the continuous aspect or present continuous?
I am reading a book
What is the continuous aspect of past continuous?
I was reading a book when the phone rang
What is the Perfect aspect?
I have lied here for two years,
I had finished the report when he arrived
State verbs consist of….
A State and an Action
Name a few state verbs
Thoughts and opinions = I think that’s a good idea
Feelings and emotions = I love this song!
Senses and perceptions = He seems to be a kind person
Possessions = She owns two houses and a caravan
State verbs with Actions DO
State: What do you do for a living?
Action: What re you doing (explaining your actions)
State verbs with Actions TASTE
State: This soup tastes great!
Action: Look! The chef is tasting the soup.
What are realisations?
The difference between a phrase and a clause
What are phrases? (5)
It is used as a single part of a speech Examples: Noun Phrase (NP) Verb Phrase (VP) Adjective Phrase (AdjP) Adverb Phrase (AdvP) Prepositional Phrase (PP)
Phrase Analysis: NP
What are the three functions?
Determiners: words that introduce the head
Head: The most important word
Modifiers: Words that give additional information about the quality of the head
Give examples of Determiners
Ask which? > answer
Which book? That book. That is a determiner
Which countries? both countries. Both is a determiner
Determiners only come BEFORE the head noun
Give examples of modifiers?
Ask what kind of > answer. It describes the quality of the noun.
What kinda of car? > my NEW car
What kinda of students? > ADVANCED students
What kind of names? EXTREMELY FUNNY names
How to determine the kind of phrase?
- Find the head (=most important word)
- Determine the word class of the head
- Word class decides type of phrase
Which verb categories (word classes) do you specify?
Lexical Verb
Copula Verb
Primary Auxiliary
Modal Auxiliary
What are the lexical verbs?
TO
to walk, to talk, to decide etc
What are the Copula verbs?
TO
to be, to become, to look
What are the Primary Auxiliary?
have, do, be
What are the Modal Auxiliary?
can, could, may, must, might, will etc.
Which verb forms do you specify? (2)
Finite and Non-Finite
What are the finite verbs?
When the first verb in VP changes, for example could
Raman tries to sing.
We try to sing.
They try to sing.
I have tried to sing
Verb ‘try’ has changed according to the changed in person, number and tense of the subject
What are the non finite verbs?
A verb that does not show time or a verb which is not limited by number, person.
Raman tries to sing.
We try to sing.
They try to sing.
the verb ‘sing’ has remains unchanged in spite of numerous person and tense.
Types of non-finite:
Infinitive: to walk
Gerund: acts like nouns, ends in =ing, skiing, reading, dancing, singing
Present Participle: used as an adjective or adverb. -ing form writing signing, raising
Past participle: walked, written, sung, raised
How to we check whether it is non finite or finite?
Non finite doesn’t change when the tense or number changes
such as giving and asking
Finite changes when the tense changes
such as are and will or have
Realizations (phrases and functions): Pulp fiction / is / totally overrated
S:NP / V:VP/ SC:AdjP
Name the sentences? (3)
Simple sentence
Complex sentence
Compound sentence
What is a simple sentence?
A sentence in which each function is realised by a phrase
What is a complex sentence?
A sentence in which one or more of the functions are realised by dependent clauses
What do we call a sentence with a dependent clause?
A complex sentence
uses subordinating conjunctions and non finite verbs
When is something an independent clause?
When sentences can stand on their own, because of the coordinating conjunction.
Finite verbs
The hero always does it AND it always ends badly
What do we call a sentence with independent clause?
Compound sentence
What are the coordinating conjunctions?
FANBOYS
FOR AND NOR BUT OR YET SO
What are the subordinating conjunction?
When, before, that, because, as soon as, since, before etc.
What is the sentence?
John had never been to such a fantastic restaurant
Simple sentence
What is the sentence?
He understood little about the situation
Simple sentence
What is the sentence?
I had scarcely finished writing my essay when the examiner announced the end of the exam
Complex
Name the Functions (7)
Subject (S) Verb (V) Direct Object (DO) Indirect Object (IO) Subject Complement (SC) Object Complement (OC) Adverbial (A)
Functions: What is the subject?
first participant, the person/thing performing the action.
How can you find the subject? By asking…
Who or what + verb(s)?
Functions: What is the Verb?
it shows the action or state
Functions: What is the Direct Object?
second participant, the person/thing receiving the action.
How can you find the Direct Object (DO)?
By asking…
Subject + verb(s) + what?
Functions: What is the Indirect Object? (IO)
third participant, the person or thing that receives the effect of the action of a verb with two objects.
How can you find the Indirect Object (IO)?
By asking…
Subject + verb(s) + direct object + to whom or for whom
Functions: What is the Subject Complement?
says something about the subject(first participant), it identifies or characterizes the subject:
How can you find the Subject Complement (SC)?
Subject + verb(s) + what
Functions: What is the Object Complement (OC)?
says something about the second participant, it identifies or character sized the direct object.
How can you find the Object Complement (OC)?
ask verb(s) + subject + direct object + what?
Functions: What is the Adverbial (A)?
describes the setting, it gives information about place, time, manner, frequency reason why, etc.
How can you find the Adverbial (A)?
where/when/how/why etc.
Sentence analysis consist of 7 realisations. Which are they?
Phrases 5 and Clauses 2 (Finite and non finite clauses)
What are the content words?
Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
What are the function words?
articles, conjunctions, prepositions, pronouns
What are nouns?
words to refer to people, objects, creatures, places, qualities, phenomena, things
What are articles?
A, An, The
What are adjectives?
Nouns to provide information about the things referred to
tall small ugly etc.
What are Verbs?
to refer to actions (talk, go) or states (be, have)
What are adverbs?
used with verbs to give more information about
actions (slowly)
states and events (yesterday, tomorrow)
seriously, madly, quickly, often, here, there, soon etc.
What are Prepositions?
Used with nouns in phrases providing information about time, place and other connections.
in, on, under, with, without etc.
What are pronouns?
She her it we you they me him her us
What are Conjunctions?
Used to make connections and indicate relationships between events
and, but, or for when before, since until
When is something a Phrase?
When a word/group of words with a head but with no subject and verb
When is something a clause?
When a group of words with a subject and verb, but no head
What is a relative pronoun?
who, whom, whose, which, that
A Relative pronoun can be the…… in a relative clause.
Subject or Object of verbs
The umbrella that I bought last week is already broken.
that refers to the umbrella (object of the verb in the relative clause)
Wat is a conditional sentence?
Conditional sentences connect two things: a condition and a result.
Something happens as a result of something else, or happens only if a certain condition is met
What are the four types of conditionals?
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
What is the Zero conditional?
“If you heat water enough, it boils.”
This refers to any time you heat water enough.
What is the First conditional?
“If you heat that water enough, it’ll boil.”
This is about a likely result of a specific present or future action.
What is the Second conditional?
“If you heated that water enough, it would boil.”
This is about a possible future result of an imagined present or future action.
What is the Third conditional?
“If you had heated that water enough, it would have boiled. “
This is about an imagined past result of a past event that didn’t actually happen.
When does the zero conditional happen?
Any time
probability 100%
When does the first conditional happen?
future
probability is 50%
When does the second conditional happen?
future
probability is also 10%
When does the third conditional happen?
past, probability is also zero
Wat is connected speech?
Connected speech often leads to a faster, less careful delivery → words run into each other.
What are modals?
Can, could, should, must, might, will, allowed to, have to, ought to
What is Elision?
It is the omission of sounds, syllables or words in speech.
when a /t/ or /d/ sound is between two consonant sounds
Give examples of Elision
‘I don’t know’ /I duno/ ,
/kamra/ for camera
kept going
kepgoing
What is assimilation in alveolar?
flaT
gooD
meaN
crediT
harD
dreSS
/t/ /d/ /n/
What is assimilation in bilabial?
Boots Morning Card Girl SHop /p/ /b/ /m/ /k/
What is intonation?
The melody of spoken language:
the way the musical pitch of the voice rises and falls.
3 common patterns of Intonation
Input
Falling
Rising
What is antepenultimate?
The syllable that comes two before the last in a word.
animal, citizen, comedy, dangerous, obvious
words ending in -cy, -gy, -ty, -phy, -gy
words ending in -al
What is the basic rule of forming passives?
The object of the active sentence becomes the subject
The subject of the active sentence becomes the agent
Form of to be + past participle
Make this sentence passive:
Students learn English
English is learned by students
Make this passive: He loves me.
I am loved
Make this active: The children were taken to the circus.
We took our children to the circus.
