2.2 Programming Fundamentals

Question 1

Operators

Answer 1

Special characters that perform specific functions

Question 2

Common arithmetic operators

Answer 2

Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
Exponentiation
Quotient
Remainder

Question 3

Exponential Operator

Answer 3

**
to the power of e.g. X**3
= X cubed

Question 4

Quotient Operator

Answer 4

DIV
gives whole number product of division
e.g. 20 DIV 3 = 6

Question 5

Remainder operator

Answer 5

MOD
gives remainder product of division
e.g. 20 MOD 3 = 2

Question 6

What rule do computers follow?

Answer 6

BODMAS

Question 7

Assignment Operator

Answer 7

’=’
assigns values to variables

Question 8

Comparison Operator

Answer 8

Compare left hand expression to right hand expression

Question 9

Common Boolean Operators

Answer 9

AND
OR
NOT

Question 10

What does each boolean operator have?

Answer 10

Logic Gate

Question 11

Logic Gate

Answer 11

Receive binary data, apply a Boolean operation, output a binary result
Has a truth table -> shows the possible input combinations and corresponding outputs

Question 12

AND gate

Answer 12

Take 2 inputs, give 1 output
If both inputs are 1, the output is 1
If not, output is always 0

Question 13

OR gate

Answer 13

2 inputs, give 1 output
If at least one of the inputs is 1, output is 1
If not, input is 0

Question 14

NOT gate

Answer 14

1 input, 1 output
Output value is opposite to input value

Question 15

5 main data types

Answer 15

Integer
Real
Boolean
Character
String

Using the correct data type makes code more efficient + robust

Question 16

Data type: Integer

Answer 16

Whole number
‘int’

Question 17

Data type: Real

Answer 17

Decimals
‘real’

Question 18

Data type: Boolean

Answer 18

Can take one of two values: e.g. true or false
‘bool’

Question 19

Data type: Character

Answer 19

A single letter, character, symbol
‘char’

Question 20

Data type: String

Answer 20

To represent text
‘string’

Question 21

Size of integer

Answer 21

2 bytes

Question 22

Size of real

Answer 22

4 bytes

Question 23

Size of boolean

Answer 23

1 byte

Question 24

Size of character

Answer 24

1 byte

Question 25

Size of string

Answer 25

1 byte per character

Question 26

Casting

Answer 26

Functions to manually convert between data types
e.g. int(), real(), bool(), str()

Question 27

Basic String Manipulation

Answer 27

Allows strings to be sliced (extract a single character), joined or modified

Question 28

Basic String Manipulation actions

Answer 28

• .length - count no. of characters
• .substring(x,y) - extract character from middle of x and y
• .left(x) - extract x no. of characters from the left
• .right(x) - extract x no. of characters from right
• .upper - convert string to uppercase
• .lower - convert string to lowercase

Question 29

Basic File Handling Operations

Answer 29

• open() - open file into variable
• read - read line from data of contents
• write - write line at the end of file
• .close - close file

Question 30

Use of records to store data

Answer 30

Record = data structure which allows multiple data items to be stored.
Difference to arrays: different data types can be stored

Use fieldnames to identify each item

Question 31

What is SQL?

Answer 31

Structured Query Language - used to access data on a database

Question 32

Commands in SQL

Answer 32

SELECT * FROM (table) WHERE

Question 33

Uses of 1D and 2D arrays

Answer 33

1D - To store multiple terms under 1 identifier

2D - store multiple terms of data using 2 identifiers

Question 34

What is an array?

Answer 34

A data structure that can store a collection of data values all under one name

Question 35

Creating a 1D array

Answer 35

e.g.
array rowers [3]
rower [0] = “sjsfn”
rower [1] = “ergg”
rower [2] = “tngm”

Question 36

Retrieving element from 1D array

Answer 36

print (rowers[0])

Question 37

Changing element in 1D array

Answer 37

rowers[0] = “Tamal”

Question 38

Random Number Generation

Answer 38

random (x,y)

random number between x and y

Question 39

Examples of sub programs

Answer 39

• Functions
• Procedures

Question 40

Sub programs: Procedures

Answer 40

set of instructions stored under 1 name

Question 41

Sub programs: Functions

Answer 41

Same as procedures, but return a value
Take atleast 1 parameter

Question 42

Features of sub programs

Answer 42

• Parameters
• Arguments

Question 43

Features of sub programs: Parameters

Answer 43

Special variables used to pass values into a sub program

Question 44

Features of sub programs: Arguments

Answer 44

Actual values that the parameters take when sub program is called

Question 45

What to do when calling a function

Answer 45

Assign to a variable where the returned value will be stored

Question 46

What can variables be?

Answer 46

• Local
• Globa;

Question 47

Local Variables

Answer 47

Used within the structure they’re declared in

Question 48

Global Variables

Answer 48

Can be used any time after their declaration

Question 49

Advantages of local variables

Answer 49

Won’t affect and are not affected by anything outside the sub program

Question 50

Disadvantage of global variables

Answer 50

Can lose track of its value

Question 51

IF statements

Answer 51

Allows you to check if a condition is true or false, and carry out a different actions depending on the outcome

Question 52

Structure of IF statements

Answer 52

if
elseif
else
endif

Question 53

Switch Statements

Answer 53

same as if statements, but check if a variable has a certain value

Question 54

Structure of SWITCH statements

Answer 54

switch
case
case
case
endswitch

Question 55

Disadvantage of SWITCH statements

Answer 55

They only check for the value of 1 variable

Question 56

FOR loops

Answer 56

Repeat the code inside of them for a fixed number of times - depends on initial value, end value, step count

for k = 1 to 100 step 3

Question 57

Types of Loops

Answer 57

FOR
DO UNTIL
WHILE

Question 58

DO UNTIL Loop

Answer 58

Controlled by condition at end of loop - loops until condition is true

Question 59

Structure of DO UNTIL Loop

Answer 59

do
until

Question 60

WHILE Loop

Answer 60

Controlled by condition at start of loop - keep going until the condition is not true

Question 61

Structure of While Loop

Answer 61

while
endwhile