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PE Skill Aquisition > 2.2 principles and theories of learning and performance > Flashcards

2.2 principles and theories of learning and performance Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three stages of learning

A
  1. The cognitive stage
  2. Associative stage
  3. The autonomous stage
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2
Q

What is the cognitive stage of learning

A
  • Performer must think carefully about their actions
  • Slow and uncoordinated
  • Motor programs not yet developed
  • Learning through trial and error
  • extrinsic feedback helps them
    
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3
Q

What is the associative stage of learning

A
  • Motor programmes start to develop and performance become smoother
  • Intrinsic feedback can start to be used
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4
Q

What is the autonomous stage of learning

A
  • Motor programs are formed
  • Movement is automatic and controlled
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5
Q

What are the four types of feedback

A

Positive (Encouragement)
Negative (Error correction)
Extrinsic (From an outside source)
Intrinsic (From within)

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6
Q

What is a learning plateau

A

When there is no sign of improvement in performance
Can be illustrated in a learning curve graph

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7
Q

Explain the four stages of a learning curve

A

Stage one- Rate of learning slow as using trial and error
Stage two- Rapid acceleration in the rate of learning
Stage three- No improvement in the rate of learning performance remains at the same level
Stage four- Period in which performance may actually deteriorate

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8
Q

What are the likely causes of the plateau in the learning curve

A
  • Lack of motivation
  • Boredom
  • Poor coaching
  • Limited ability
  • Fatigue
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9
Q

What solutions are there to prevent the plateau affect

A
  • Get a new coach
  • Coach offering more praise and positive reinforcement to increase motivation
  • A rest taken to avoid fatigue
  • Variety added to the task to avoid boredom
  • The plateau concept explained to the performer to prevent further demotivation
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10
Q

What are the four methods of guidance

A
  1. Visual
  2. Verbal
  3. Manual
  4. Mechanical
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11
Q

Explain visual guidance and why it’s used

A
  • Is a demonstration of the required task
  • Aims to create a mental image
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12
Q

Advantages of visual guidance

A
  • Creates a mental image
  • Can be used to highlight weaknesses
  • Can be used in conjunction with verbal guidance
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13
Q

Disadvantages of visual guidance

A
  • Relies on the demonstration being completely accurate
  • Can be too much information creating confusion
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14
Q

Explain verbal guidance and why it’s used

A
  • An explanation of the required task
  • Can be used in conjunction with visual guidance
  • Or give technical detailed or tactical advice to a more experienced player
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15
Q

Disadvantages of verbal guidance

A
  • Information overload leads to confusion
  • Performer may lose can concentration Unless information is brief relevant and meaningful
  • The language must be understandable for the performer
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16
Q

Explain manual guidance and its uses

A
  • Physical support when carrying out the task
  • Coach holding the arms of tennis player
17
Q

What are the disadvantages of manual guidance

A
  • Over reliance on physical support can interfere with the feel of the task
  • Losing confidence in ability to do the task
  • Up close proximity with coach and performer may be off-putting
18
Q

What are the advantages of manual guidance

A
  • Helps eliminate danger
  • Help perform a build confidence
    
19
Q

Explain mechanical guidance and its uses

A
  • Artificial aid used to carry out the task
  • Devices like harnesses in trampolining
20
Q

What are the advantages of mechanical guidance

A
  • Builds confidence
  • Eliminate danger
  • Gives an early feel for the whole skill
  • Can be used with disabled athletes or those recovering from injury
21
Q

Disadvantages of mechanical guidance

A
  • Can interfere with the feel of the real task
  • performer might become overdependent and lose confidence
  • Motivation could be lost
22
Q

What are the four theories of learning

A

Operant conditioning
Observational learning (Bandura)
Social development theory (Vygotsky)
Insight learning (Gestaltist theories)

23
Q

Outline the operant conditioning theory of learning

A
  • suggests we learn through reinforcement
  • positive reinforcement comes from the idea that success acts as a satisfier
  • an annoyer acts as a punishment which promotes the avoidance of incorrect responses
24
Q

What is positive reinforcement

A

A pleasant stimulus given to increases the likelihood of the response being repeated

25
Q

What is negative reinforcement

A

Taking away an unpleasant stimulus to encourage the correct behaviour to be repeated

26
Q

What is a punishment

A

An unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions from occurring

27
Q

Outline observational learning

A
  • suggests behaviour is learnt through observation and copying
    A attention is required to learn behaviour
    R retention, the behaviour must be remembered
    Motor production, the performer must be able to produce the action
    M motivation, performer must have the drive to complete the task
28
Q

What factors make observational learning more likely to occur

A
  • if the role model is looked up to
  • if the role model has similar characteristics
  • the demonstration is clear, consistent and relevant
29
Q

Outline the social development theory

A

Learning by association with others
- MKO gives direct examples and advice
- demonstrates values and actions such as a high degree of effort a healthy lifestyle and healthy communication

30
Q

What is constructivism

A

Building up learning in stages, based on the current level of performance
The learner will establish their zone of proximal development, this is an assessment of what they need to do next to learn the skill.
What can i do alone, what can i do with help, what can’t i do

31
Q

What are the three stages of proximal development

A

1 what can i do alone ?
2 what can i do with help ?
3 what can i not do yet

32
Q

Outline insight learning

A

-using prior sporting experience and knowledge to solve problems relating to the whole skill
- poses questions to the performer but is not trial and error
+ since the performer is finding solutions themselves then it gives them a sense of self-satisfaction and increased motivation

PE Skill Aquisition (2 decks)

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