2.2 - Peaceful Protests And Their Impact, 1963-65 Flashcards
What happened in April 1963?
Civil rights began campaign ‘c’ for confrontation in Birmingham Alabama.
They targeted Birmingham because it was completely segregated and it was nicknamed “Bombingham’ due to the regular bombing of black churches, homes and businesses
It was also where Eugene ‘Bull’ Connor was the chief of police and it was believed that he could be easily provoked into using violence against peaceful protesters.
What was used to disperse the Birmingham marches?
Arrests, water cannon, dogs and baton charges were used to disperse the marchers. Arrests reached 500 a day, but it was also shown on television and many were sickened by the violence
What were the long term effects of the Birmingham,Alabama protest?
- Children in danger, gov wanted to solve it
- Protests in other cities all over USA leading to having 143 cities having some desegregation
- Many more Americans saw civil rights as most urgent issue for The USA
- Govemment produced a tougher civil rights bill
- People saw civil rights movement as most important issue
What did civil rights protestors find out about protesting in Alabama?
- Civils rights protestors learned not using violence worked to improve black peoples rights
- civil rights protestors learn they may have to think of a new strategy to protest
What happened on August 1963 in regards to protests?
Washington DC was chosen as the protest march for the location because there was white House and congress
Over 250,000 people, about 40,000 of them white, took part.
Despite fears that the protest would turn violent, it was peaceful and good humoured. It was broadcast on live television around the world.
What was the structure of the protest in Washington August 1963?
It began with the national anthem and a prayer. Then civil rights activists made speeches: King spoke last.It was so powerful it gained more support for civil rights and many saw King as the leader of the movement.
What were the most significant parts of Kings Speech in the March on Washington, August 1963?
- “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal”
- “People not accepting the truth in making situation worse”
- “State sweltering with the heat of Oppression”
- Shows injustice of black people. Bringing it to light
- “I have a dream” “Oasis of freedom and justice”
What was the importance of the March on Washington, August 1963?
The main reason for the importance of ‘The March on Washington” was the size of the crowd whilst protesting, as it was a large crowd the the govermment and state governments coud not argue it was a minor issue. Furthermore, black and white people had protested together to coming from all classes, famous people included Bob Dylan and Joan Balz
What was set up in 1964 in Missisipi?
In 1964, SNCC and CORE set up ‘Freedom Summer’ in Missisipi.About 1,000 volunteers went to Missisipi to work with local campaigners on projects in the black community as mast volunteers were white
SNCC volunteers knew they were putting themselves and black Mississippians in danger. There were over 10,000 KKK members in Mississipi all burning churches and beating up black people were what they had to endure. About 17,000 black people tried to register to vote that summer; only 1600 succeeded.
Most volunteers were white college students from good families, chosen because they could pay their way.
What happened on the 21st,23rd of June 1964 as well as the 4th of August?
On 21st of June, Michael Schess Shwerner (white CORE Field worker), Alrew Goodman (white volunteer) and James Chaney (black Core worker) were arresting driving to Shwerner’s home. They were released at that night but then murdered by KKK.
On 23 June, they found a car a burned -out wreck.Chaney,Goodman and Shwerner were not found until the 4th of August, they were shot. It had become another scandal
What was the conseuqence of Freedom Summer?
The consequence of Freedom Summer was 1600 Black Americans registered to vote in Mississipi though 17000 registered in total.
It also made people aware of the problems registering to vote but people were beaten up, lost their jobs and even murdered
What were the ways in which Freedom Summer was successful?
- 1000 volunteers went to Missisipi to work with local campaigners
- Many white college students involved - shows support from white community
- Freedom Schools set up
- Helped many to pass voter registration tests
What were the ways in which Freedom Summer was unsuccessful?
- Reaction of many white Mississippians
- Many black lost jobs
- Beating and violence common
- Only 1600 of 17000 successfully registered to vote
- Missisipi murders
What was President JFK’s contribution to the passage of the civil rights laws between 1961-63?
• Selected black people for high-level jobs, including Thurgood Marshall (who successfully argued the
1954 Brown v. Topeka case).
• Backed introduction of new civil rights laws after initially being reluctant to support civil rights. He became committed to the cause because of the impact of the civil rights protests and in particular the outrageous treatment of protesters at Birmingham.
• Sent federal troops to the University of Mississippi to protect James Meredith.
• Sent US marshals to escort the Freedom Riders and prevent them being attacked.
What happened on the 22nd November 1963?
President Kennedy was assassinated on 22 November 1963 in Dallas, Texas.
Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded him as president.
