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adv biology > 2.2 evolution > Flashcards

2.2 evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

what are three types of symbiotic interactions?

A

mutualism (+/+), commensalism (+/0), parasitism (+/-)

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2
Q

in what kind of interaction does co-evolution usually occur?

A

A symbiotic interaction

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3
Q

in co-evolution, how does a change in the traits of one species affect the other species?

A

it acts as a selection pressure

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4
Q

what is co-evolution?

A

change in the genetic composition of one species (or group) in response to a genetic change in the other

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5
Q

how is relative fitness calculated?

A

number of surviving offspring per individual of a particular genotype/number of surviving offspring per individual of the most successful genotype

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6
Q

what is relative fitness?

A

the ratio of surviving offspring of one genotype compared with the most successful genotype

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7
Q

what does an absolute fitness of 1 mean?

A

the number of individuals of that genotype is stable

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8
Q

what does an absolute fitness of <1 mean?

A

there is a decrease in individuals of that genotype

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9
Q

what does >1 mean?

A

there is an increase in individuals of that genotype

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10
Q

what is absolute fitness?

A

the ratio that compares the frequency of a particular genotype from one generation to the next

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11
Q

what is fitness?

A

a term used to measure an individual’s ability to be successful at surviving and reproducing, and refers to the genetic contribution made to the next generation

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12
Q

what does q2 represent?

A

frequency of homozygous recessive genotype

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13
Q

what dos 2pq represent?

A

frequency of heterozygous genotype

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14
Q

what does p2 represent?

A

frequency of homozygous dominant genotype

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15
Q

what does q represent?

A

frequency of recessive allele

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16
Q

what does p represent?

A

frequency of dominant allele

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17
Q

what is the equation used to calculate allele, genotype and phenotype frequencies in a population?

A

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

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18
Q

what can the HW principle be used to determine?

A

whether a change in allele frequency is occurring in a population over time

19
Q

what does the Hardy-Weinberg principle state?

A

in the absence of evolutionary influences, allele and gene frequencies in a population will remain constant over generations

20
Q

name some abiotic selection pressures

A
  • change of temperature
  • light
  • himidity
  • pH and salinity
21
Q

name some biotic selection pressures

A
  • competition<div>
  • predation</div><div>
  • disease</div><div>
  • parasitism</div>
22
Q

<p>what are selection pressures?</p>

A

the environmental factors that influence which individuals in a population pass on their alleles

23
Q

what can cause the rate of evolution to be rapid?

A

when selection pressures are high

24
Q

how does natural selection affect the population?

A

non-random increase in the frequency of advantageous alleles and the non-random decrease in the frequency of deleterious alleles.

25
Q

how does sexual selection affect the population?

A

inbreeding or selection of mates for specific phenotypes will reduce heterozygosity.

26
Q

how do mutations affect the population?

A

increases or decreases allele frequencies, and may introduce new alleleforms

27
Q

what is gene flow?

A

movement of alleles due to immigration and emigration of individuals between populations

28
Q

what are some male rivalry strategies to gain access to females?

A
  • acquiring and defending territories and harems
  • direct conflict
  • superior size and weaponry
  • alpha male approach
29
Q

which aspects of a male play a role in female choice and why?

A

male resources, appearance and courtship as it shows the levels of male fitness

30
Q

what does sexual selection refer to?

A

it is females who retain primary control over reproduction

31
Q

how do behavioural sex differences affect the organism?

A

they can decrease its chance of survival as it is more visible to predators, but allow for greater success in mating

32
Q

what are common examples of behavioural sex differences?

A
  • pronounced coloration<div>
  • increased size</div><div>
  • striking adomments</div><div>
  • elaborate courtship behaviours</div>
33
Q

what is the clearest sexual dimorphism amongst vertebrates?

A

gamete size

34
Q

describe the process of natural selection

A
  • populations produce more offspring than the environment can support
  • individuals with variations that are better suited to the environment survive longer and reproduce more
  • meaning that favourable alleles are passed on to future generations
35
Q

how do founder effects alter a gene pool?

A

certain alleles may be under/over-represented, causing allele frequencies to change

36
Q

what are founder effects caused by?

A

the isolation of a few members of a population that are not representative of the original gene pool

37
Q

when do bottleneck effects occur?

A

when a population size is reduced for at least one generation

38
Q

how can genetic drift reduce genetic diversity?

A

it causes the random loss of rare alleles

39
Q

what kind of population does genetic drift have a greater impact on and why?

A

small, isolated populations - alleles are more likely to be lost from the gene pool

40
Q

what is genetic drift caused by?

A

chance events or unpredictable fluctuations

41
Q

what is genetic drift?

A

the random change in how frequently a particular allele occurs within a population

42
Q

what is a non-random process in evolution?

A

natural selection, sexual selection

43
Q

what is a random process in evolution?

A

genetic drift

44
Q

what is evolution?

A

the change over time in the proportion of individuals in a population differing in character traits

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