2.1 field techniques for biologists

Question 1

what can anthropomorphism cause?

Answer 1

false conclusions to be drawn

Question 2

what is anthropomorphism?

Answer 2

attributing human characteristics to non-human species

Question 3

what does an ethogram allow?

Answer 3

time budgets (time allocated to particular behaviours in a given time frame) to be made

Question 4

what is an ethogram?

Answer 4

a detailed list of specific behaviours to seen in a wild context

Question 5

what is latency regarding animal behvaviour?

Answer 5

time between stimulus occurring and response behaviour

Question 6

in order to quantify animal behaviour, which three specific methods can be used?

Answer 6

latency, frequency, duration

Question 7

what must the chosen method of marking a species do?

Answer 7

minimise the impact on the species

Question 8

what are some examples of methods used to mark animals?

Answer 8

hair clipping, banding, tagging, surgical implantation, painting

Question 9

which equation is used if individuals in the second sample are recaptured?

Answer 9

N = MC/R

Question 10

what does the process of mark and recapture involve?

Answer 10

capturing and marking a sample of the population (M) and releasing them. after and interval of time, a second sample is captured.

Question 11

what does absence/reduced numbers in a species indicate?

Answer 11

that a particular factor that it is susceptible to is present/vice-versa

Question 12

what are indicator species?

Answer 12

species whose population presence, absence or abundance can be used to give information about the environment

Question 13

what are the model organisms for chortada?

Answer 13

mice, rats and zebrafish

Question 14

what is the model organism for nematodes?

Answer 14

C. elegans (worm)

Question 15

what is the model organism form arthropods?

Answer 15

drosophila (fruit fly)

Question 16

what is the model organism for flowering plant?

Answer 16

Arabidopsis thaliana

Question 17

what is the model organism for bacteria?

Answer 17

E. Coli

Question 18

what are nematoda?

Answer 18

round worms

Question 19

what are arthropoda?

Answer 19

jointed legged invertebrates with a segmented body

Question 20

what are chordata?

Answer 20

sea quirts and vertebrates

Question 21

what does familiarity with taxonomic groupings allow?

Answer 21

predictions to be made between the biology of an organism and better-known (model) organisms

Question 22

what is convergent evolution?

Answer 22

similar structures that have evolved from different ancestors

Question 23

what is divergent evolution?

Answer 23

the accumulation of difference as species from a common ancestor undergo changes over time

Question 24

what does phylogenetics use to make an inference about evolutionary history?

Answer 24

traits such as morphology, DNA structures and protein structures

Question 25

what is the phylogenetic tree?

Answer 25

a diagrammatic hypothesis of relationships

Question 26

what are phylogenetics?

Answer 26

the study of the evolutionary history and the relationships among individuals/groups

Question 27

what do taxonomic groupings e.g. arthopods allow?

Answer 27

predictions and inferences to be made between the biology of an organism and model organisms

Question 28

what does king prawn curry or fresh green salad stand for?

Answer 28

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 29

what is taxonomy?

Answer 29

the classification of life according to relatedness

Question 30

what is classification?

Answer 30

the method used to order living organisms and to help identify individual organisms

Question 31

in netting, what will affect what you capture?

Answer 31

the size of the net and the size of the mesh

Question 32

name the two capture techniques

Answer 32

pitfall traps, netting

Question 33

what is scat sampling?

Answer 33

an indirect method whereby animal droppings are collected in particular areas

Question 34

what does remote detection allow?

Answer 34

more elusive species to be observed without the observer being present

Question 35

what is remote detection?

Answer 35

camera traps that are triggered when wildlife is present

Question 36

what is a transect line?

Answer 36

a line along which different samples can be taken

Question 37

where are transect lines usually positioned?

Answer 37

where the terrain or abiotic factors are changeable

Question 38

how are point counts carried out?

Answer 38

by recording the organisms seen and heard from a stationary point

Question 39

what are the three sampling Rs?

Answer 39

representative, reliable source of data, random selection

Question 40

how should sampling be carried out?

Answer 40

in a manner that minimises impact
considering rare and vulnerable species and habitats protected by legislation

Question 41

what are carried out to minimise risks?

Answer 41

risk assessments

Question 42

what is a risk?

Answer 42

the likelihood of harm arising from a hazard

Question 43

when conducting fieldwork, what should be selected appropriately to avoid hazards?

Answer 43

clothing, footwear, supplies, means of communication

Question 44

when conducting fieldwork, which hazards and tests must be assessed first?

Answer 44

terrain, weather conditions, isolation, contact with harmful organisms