2.2 Carbohydrates and Lipids

Question 1

What kinds of molecules do carbohydrates contain? they are long chains of sugar units called ___.

Answer 1

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

saccharides

Question 2

Name 3 types of saccharides

Answer 2

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides

Question 3

___ are single units that can join together to form ___ and ___ by ___ bonds which are formed in ___ reactions.

Answer 3

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides
glycosidic
condensation

Question 4

Define monomer

Answer 4

a single subunit that is used to build larger polymer

Question 5

Define polymer (2)
In what process?

Answer 5

is a giant molecule made from monomers
joined end to end

polymerisation

Question 6

Define macromolecule

Answer 6

These are large and complex molecules that are formed due to polymerization of smaller monomers

Question 7

Define macromolecule

Answer 7

large biological molecule such as a protein, polysaccharide or nucleic acid

Question 8

Define monsaccharide

Answer 8

This is a molecule consisting a single sugar unit, the simplest form of carbohydrate and cannot be hydrolysed further. It has a general formula of (CH2O)n. –> monomer

Question 9

Define disaccharide

Answer 9

a sugar molecule consisting of two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond.

Question 10

Define polysaccharide

Answer 10

a polymer whose subunits are monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds

Question 11

Simplest carbohydrates are ___. They are ___. They include ___, ___, ___. They have _ carbon atoms, so they are known as ___ ___. Their molecular formula is ___.

Answer 11

monosaccharides
sugars
glucose
fructose
galactose
hexose sugars
C₆H₁₂O₆

Question 12

What is a covalent bond

Answer 12

the sharing of two or more electrons between two atoms

Question 13

Reducing sugars can donate ___the sugars become the reducing agent.
State reducing sugars. (3)

Answer 13

electrons
maltose
glucose
fructose

Question 14

Non-reducing sugars cannot donate electrons, therefore they cannot be ___.
State non-reducing sugar.

Answer 14

oxidised
sucrose

Question 15

OIL RIG

Answer 15

Oxidation Is Loss
Reduction Is gain

.. of electrons

Question 16

Answer 16

Question 17

Name types of monomers

Answer 17

monosaccharides—glucose (carbohydrates monomers)
amino acids (monomer of proteins)
nucleotides (monomenr of DNA / RNA)

Question 18

Name examples of polymers

Answer 18

Polysaccharides - carbohydrates
Polypeptides - protein
Polynucleotides - nucleic acids –> DNA and RNA

Question 19

Polymer can become so large in size –>

Answer 19

macromolecules

Question 20

Condensation

Answer 20

two molecule combine
removal of water

Question 21

Hydrolysis

Answer 21

molecule breaks down
addition of water

Question 22

Role of carbohydrates (2)

Answer 22

1. source of energy in respiration
2. building blocks for larger molecules

Question 23

Monosaccharides (3)

eg:

Molecular formula:

Answer 23

single sugar molecules
soluble
sweet

glucose (hexose sugar)

CₙH₂ₙOₙ

Question 24

Similarities and differences between a-glucose and b-glucose

Answer 24

The OH on carbon 1 on alpha glucose is below the plane , while that for beta glucose is above the plane

same chemical substance

Question 25

Disaccharides (3) through what process

Answer 25

2 monosaccharides soluble sweet condensation

Question 26

Break down of disaccharide (2)

Answer 26

hydroylsis require addition of water

Question 27

polysaccharides (3)

Answer 27

starch / glycogen / cellulose made by condensations not sweet / insoluble

Question 28

amylose made by

Answer 28

a glucose molecules linked 1-4 bonds long, helical unbranched, linear chain

Question 29

amylopectin (5)

Answer 29

branched molecule made of a glucose 1-4 and 1-6 (at branching point) glycosidic bonds shorter chains helical

Question 30

Glycogen --> starch stored as glycogen simlarities and differences with amylopectin stored where?

Answer 30

a glucose 1-4 and 1-6 glycosicdic bonds more branched than amylopectin clumped together in liver and muscle cells (stored)

Question 31

Glucose is ___. Which can ___ or ___.

Answer 31

soluble increase the concentration or decrease water potential

Question 32

Starch and glycogen are (4)

Answer 32

inert -- non reactive insoluble -- non easily diffuse out of cell compact -- large quanitity of energy released when hydrolysed glucose can be stored / mobilised quickly

Question 33

Cellulose role

Answer 33

in plant cell walls polysaccharide

Question 34

cellulose structure (5)

Answer 34

b- glucose rotated 180 degrees to each other 1-4 glycosidic bonds unbranched, straight chain, linear form fibers