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AS Biology > 2.2 Carbohydrates and Lipids > Flashcards

2.2 Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

What kinds of molecules do carbohydrates contain? they are long chains of sugar units called ___.

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

saccharides

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2
Q

Name 3 types of saccharides

A

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides

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3
Q

___ are single units that can join together to form ___ and ___ by ___ bonds which are formed in ___ reactions.

A

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides
glycosidic
condensation

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4
Q

Define monomer

A

a single subunit that is used to build larger polymer

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5
Q

Define polymer (2)
In what process?

A

is a giant molecule made from monomers
joined end to end

polymerisation

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6
Q

Define macromolecule

A

These are large and complex molecules that are formed due to polymerization of smaller monomers

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7
Q

Define macromolecule

A

large biological molecule such as a protein, polysaccharide or nucleic acid

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8
Q

Define monsaccharide

A

This is a molecule consisting a single sugar unit, the simplest form of carbohydrate and cannot be hydrolysed further. It has a general formula of (CH2O)n. –> monomer

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9
Q

Define disaccharide

A

a sugar molecule consisting of two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond.

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10
Q

Define polysaccharide

A

a polymer whose subunits are monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds

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11
Q

Simplest carbohydrates are ___. They are ___. They include ___, ___, ___. They have _ carbon atoms, so they are known as ___ ___. Their molecular formula is ___.

A

monosaccharides
sugars
glucose
fructose
galactose
hexose sugars
C₆H₁₂O₆

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12
Q

What is a covalent bond

A

the sharing of two or more electrons between two atoms

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13
Q

Reducing sugars can donate ___the sugars become the reducing agent.
State reducing sugars. (3)

A

electrons
maltose
glucose
fructose

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14
Q

Non-reducing sugars cannot donate electrons, therefore they cannot be ___.
State non-reducing sugar.

A

oxidised
sucrose

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15
Q

OIL RIG

A

Oxidation Is Loss
Reduction Is gain

.. of electrons

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16
Q
A
17
Q

Name types of monomers

A

monosaccharides—glucose (carbohydrates monomers)
amino acids (monomer of proteins)
nucleotides (monomenr of DNA / RNA)

18
Q

Name examples of polymers

A

Polysaccharides - carbohydrates
Polypeptides - protein
Polynucleotides - nucleic acids –> DNA and RNA

19
Q

Polymer can become so large in size –>

A

macromolecules

20
Q

Condensation

A

two molecule combine
removal of water

21
Q

Hydrolysis

A

molecule breaks down
addition of water

22
Q

Role of carbohydrates (2)

A
  1. source of energy in respiration
  2. building blocks for larger molecules
23
Q

Monosaccharides (3)

eg:

Molecular formula:

A

single sugar molecules
soluble
sweet

glucose (hexose sugar)

CₙH₂ₙOₙ

24
Q

Similarities and differences between a-glucose and b-glucose

A

The OH on carbon 1 on alpha glucose is below the plane , while that for beta glucose is above the plane

same chemical substance

25
Q

Disaccharides (3)
through what process

A

2 monosaccharides
soluble
sweet

condensation

26
Q

Break down of disaccharide (2)

A

hydroylsis
require addition of water

27
Q

polysaccharides (3)

A

starch / glycogen / cellulose
made by condensations
not sweet / insoluble

28
Q

amylose made by

A

a glucose molecules
linked 1-4 bonds
long, helical
unbranched, linear chain

29
Q

amylopectin (5)

A

branched molecule
made of a glucose
1-4 and 1-6 (at branching point)
glycosidic bonds
shorter chains
helical

30
Q

Glycogen –> starch stored as glycogen

simlarities and differences with amylopectin

stored where?

A

a glucose
1-4 and 1-6 glycosicdic bonds

more branched than amylopectin
clumped together

in liver and muscle cells (stored)

31
Q

Glucose is ___. Which can ___ or ___.

A

soluble
increase the concentration or decrease water potential

32
Q

Starch and glycogen are (4)

A

inert – non reactive
insoluble – non easily diffuse out of cell
compact – large quanitity of energy released when hydrolysed
glucose can be stored / mobilised quickly

33
Q

Cellulose
role

A

in plant cell walls
polysaccharide

34
Q

cellulose structure (5)

A

b- glucose
rotated 180 degrees to each other
1-4 glycosidic bonds
unbranched, straight chain, linear

form fibers

AS Biology (13 decks)

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