2.2 Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards
What kinds of molecules do carbohydrates contain? they are long chains of sugar units called ___.
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
saccharides
Name 3 types of saccharides
monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides
___ are single units that can join together to form ___ and ___ by ___ bonds which are formed in ___ reactions.
monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides
glycosidic
condensation
Define monomer
a single subunit that is used to build larger polymer
Define polymer (2)
In what process?
is a giant molecule made from monomers
joined end to end
polymerisation
Define macromolecule
These are large and complex molecules that are formed due to polymerization of smaller monomers
Define macromolecule
large biological molecule such as a protein, polysaccharide or nucleic acid
Define monsaccharide
This is a molecule consisting a single sugar unit, the simplest form of carbohydrate and cannot be hydrolysed further. It has a general formula of (CH2O)n. –> monomer
Define disaccharide
a sugar molecule consisting of two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond.
Define polysaccharide
a polymer whose subunits are monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds
Simplest carbohydrates are ___. They are ___. They include ___, ___, ___. They have _ carbon atoms, so they are known as ___ ___. Their molecular formula is ___.
monosaccharides
sugars
glucose
fructose
galactose
hexose sugars
C₆H₁₂O₆
What is a covalent bond
the sharing of two or more electrons between two atoms
Reducing sugars can donate ___the sugars become the reducing agent.
State reducing sugars. (3)
electrons
maltose
glucose
fructose
Non-reducing sugars cannot donate electrons, therefore they cannot be ___.
State non-reducing sugar.
oxidised
sucrose
OIL RIG
Oxidation Is Loss
Reduction Is gain
.. of electrons
Name types of monomers
monosaccharides—glucose (carbohydrates monomers)
amino acids (monomer of proteins)
nucleotides (monomenr of DNA / RNA)
Name examples of polymers
Polysaccharides - carbohydrates
Polypeptides - protein
Polynucleotides - nucleic acids –> DNA and RNA
Polymer can become so large in size –>
macromolecules
Condensation
two molecule combine
removal of water
Hydrolysis
molecule breaks down
addition of water
Role of carbohydrates (2)
- source of energy in respiration
- building blocks for larger molecules
Monosaccharides (3)
eg:
Molecular formula:
single sugar molecules
soluble
sweet
glucose (hexose sugar)
CₙH₂ₙOₙ
Similarities and differences between a-glucose and b-glucose
The OH on carbon 1 on alpha glucose is below the plane , while that for beta glucose is above the plane
same chemical substance
Disaccharides (3)
through what process
2 monosaccharides
soluble
sweet
condensation
Break down of disaccharide (2)
hydroylsis
require addition of water
polysaccharides (3)
starch / glycogen / cellulose
made by condensations
not sweet / insoluble
amylose made by
a glucose molecules
linked 1-4 bonds
long, helical
unbranched, linear chain
amylopectin (5)
branched molecule
made of a glucose
1-4 and 1-6 (at branching point)
glycosidic bonds
shorter chains
helical
Glycogen –> starch stored as glycogen
simlarities and differences with amylopectin
stored where?
a glucose
1-4 and 1-6 glycosicdic bonds
more branched than amylopectin
clumped together
in liver and muscle cells (stored)
Glucose is ___. Which can ___ or ___.
soluble
increase the concentration or decrease water potential
Starch and glycogen are (4)
inert – non reactive
insoluble – non easily diffuse out of cell
compact – large quanitity of energy released when hydrolysed
glucose can be stored / mobilised quickly
Cellulose
role
in plant cell walls
polysaccharide
cellulose structure (5)
b- glucose
rotated 180 degrees to each other
1-4 glycosidic bonds
unbranched, straight chain, linear
form fibers
