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Biology KAT1 Cards > 2.2 Animal Tissues, Organs and Systems (heart+lungs) > Flashcards

2.2 Animal Tissues, Organs and Systems (heart+lungs) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the heart?

A

An organ that pumps blood around the body

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the circulatory system?

A

Carries oxygen and other useful substances to bodily tissues, and removes waste substances.

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3
Q

How does the double circulatory system work?

A

● One pathway carries blood from the heart to the lungs - where the gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
● One pathway carries blood from the heart to the tissues.

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4
Q

Where does blood pumped by the right ventricle go?

A

The lungs

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5
Q

Where does blood pumped by the left ventricle go?

A

Body tissues

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6
Q

Why is the double circulatory system important?

A

It makes the circulatory system more efficient - for example, oxygenated blood can be pumped around the body at a higher pressure by the left ventricle.

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7
Q

How many chambers does the heart have and what are they called?

A

4 - right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.

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8
Q

Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker?

A

The left ventricle has to pump blood at a higher pressure around the whole body.

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9
Q

What are the four main blood vessels associated with the heart?

A

● Aorta (left) - carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.
● Pulmonary vein (left) - carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
● Vena cava (right) - carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart.
● Pulmonary artery (right) - carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

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10
Q

What is the purpose of valves in the heart?

A

Prevent the backflow of blood

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11
Q

What is the purpose of coronary arteries?

A

Coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood.

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12
Q

Describe the process of blood flow through the heart

A

● Blood enters the right atrium via the vena cava, and the left atrium via the pulmonary vein.
● The atria contract, forcing blood into the ventricles and causing valves to shut.
● After the ventricles contract, blood in the right ventricle enters the pulmonary artery (to the lungs) and blood in the left ventricle enters the aorta (to the body).

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13
Q

What is the approximate value of the natural resting heart rate?

A

70 beats per minute

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14
Q

How is the heart rate controlled?

A

Heart rate is controlled by a group of cells in the right atrium which act as a pacemaker. They release waves of electrical activity which cause the heart muscle to contract.

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15
Q

How can an abnormal heart rhythm be treated?

A

Irregular heart rhythms can be treated using an artificial pacemaker, which sends out electrical signals to correct the heart’s rhythm.

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16
Q

What are the three types of blood vessel in the body?

A

● Arteries
● Veins
● Capillaries

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17
Q

How are arteries adapted for their function?

A

● Function: carry blood away from the heart.
● Thick muscle layer - adds strength to resist high pressure.
● Thick elastic layer - allows arteries to stretch and recoil - in order to withstand high pressure.

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18
Q

How are veins adapted for their function?

A

● Function: carry blood towards the heart
● Wide lumen - enables low pressure
● Valves - prevent backflow of blood

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19
Q

How are capillaries adapted for their function?

A

● Function: enable transfer of substances between the blood and tissues.
● Walls are one cell thick - short diffusion path.
● Permeable walls - substances can diffuse across.
● Narrow lumen - blood moves slowly - more time for diffusion.

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20
Q

How would you calculate the rate of blood flow?

A

Volume of blood / number of minutes

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21
Q

Where are the lungs found in the body?

A

The lungs are located in the thorax (within the chest). They are protected by the ribcage and separated from the rest of the abdomen by the diaphragm.

22
Q

What tissues and organs make up the gas exchange system?

A 
● Trachea 
● Bronchi 
● Bronchioles 
● Alveoli 
● Intercostal muscles 
● Diaphragm
23
Q

Explain how the lungs are ventilated by the action of intercostal muscles

A

● Intercostal muscles contract
● Ribcage moves upwards and outwards
● Diaphragm flattens and volume of the chest increases
● Increased volume results in decreased pressure
● Air is drawn into lungs down pressure gradient

The inverse occurs when air moves out of the lungs.

24
Q

Describe how gas exchange occurs at the alveoli

A

● Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the capillary bloodstream down its concentration gradient.
● Carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillary into the alveoli down its concentration gradient.

25
Q

Describe how alveoli are adapted for gas exchange

A

● Small and arranged in clusters - larger surface area.
● Rich blood supply - maintains concentration gradient.
● Thin alveolar wall - short diffusion pathway

26
Q

How would you calculate the breathing rate

A

Number of breaths / number of minutes

27
Q

What substance carries the different components of blood around the body?

A

Plasma

28
Q

What substances are transported by plasma?

A 
● Red blood cells 
● White blood cells 
● Platelets 
● Carbon dioxide 
● Urea 
● Products of digestion
29
Q

What is plasma?

A

A yellow liquid within blood that transports substances around the body.

30
Q

What is the purpose of red blood cells in blood?

A

Transport of oxygen around the body

31
Q

How are red blood cells adapted for their function?

A

● Biconcave shape - increased surface area to volume ratio.
● No nucleus - more room for haemoglobin to bind to oxygen.
● Contain haemoglobin - binds to oxygen.

32
Q

What is the purpose of white blood cells in blood?

A

They form part of the immune system, which protects the body from invading pathogens.

33
Q

How are white blood cells adapted for their function?

A

● Have a nucleus - contains DNA which codes for proteins
● Can produce antibodies and antitoxins
● Can engulf and digest pathogens (phagocytosis)

34
Q

Describe what platelets are.

A

Platelets are small cell fragments which aid the clotting of blood at the site of a wound.

35
Q

Why is the function of platelets important?

A

They help the blood to clot at a wound, preventing excessive bleeding.
Scab formation (after the clot has dried) prevents bacteria from entering the wound.
Lack of platelets can cause excessive bleeding and bruising.

36
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

Coronary heart disease occurs when the coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle become blocked with a buildup of fatty material. This restricts the supply of oxygen to the heart, possibly leading to a heart attack or death.

37
Q

What is a stent and how does it work?

A
  • A stent is a metal mesh tube
  • It is inserted into a blocked artery so that it remains open.
  • The stent is inflated using a balloon, which is later removed to allow blood to flow freely.
38
Q

What are the advantages of stents?

A
  • The insertion of a stent can be carried out without general anaesthetic.
  • Quick recovery time
  • Lower the risk of a heart attack
39
Q

What are disadvantages of stents?

A

Disadvantages
● Risk of infection
● Risk of blood clots at stent

40
Q

What are statins?

A

Statins are drugs which reduce the level of LDL (bad) cholesterol which contributes to the development of coronary heart disease.

41
Q

What are the advantages of statins?

A

Advantages
● Reduce risk of strokes, coronary heart disease and heart attacks
● Increase level of HDL (good) cholesterol

42
Q

What are disadvantages of statins?

A

Disadvantages
● Have to be taken continuously
● May have side effects
● Effect may not be immediate

43
Q

What is a heart bypass surgery?

A

A surgery where blocked coronary arteries are replaced with sections of veins taken from other parts of the body.

44
Q

What are the consequences of leaky heart valves?

A

Blood flows in the wrong direction, causing the heart to become less efficient. Patients may become breathless and die as a result.

45
Q

What types of valves can replace leaky valves?

A

● Mechanical - made of metal or polymers

● Biological - taken from animals (pigs, sometimes humans)

46
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of mechanical valves?

A

Advantages
● Last for a very long time Disadvantages
● Need to take medication to prevent blood clotting around valve

47
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of biological valves?

A

Advantages
● Work very well - no medication required Disadvantages
● Only lasts 12-15 years

48
Q

What is the purpose of an artificial heart?

A

Artificial hearts are intended to support a patient’s heart while they wait for a suitable donor heart.

49
Q

What are the advantages of artificial hearts?

A

Advantages
● Less likely to be rejected by immune system
● Allows damaged heart to rest to help recovery

50
Q

What are the disadvantages of artificial hearts?

A

Disadvantages
● Risk of infection due to surgery
● Risk of blood clots
● Have to take blood-thinning drugs

Biology KAT1 Cards (7 decks)

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