2.2 - Aggregate demand Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of aggregate demand (AD)?

A

The total amount of planned spending on goods and services at a given price level in an economy in a year.

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2
Q

What are the components of AD?

A

Consumption + Investment + Government expenditure + (Exports - Imports)

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3
Q

What proportion of AD is made up by consumption?

A

60%

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4
Q

What proportion of AD is made up by investment?

A

15%

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5
Q

What proportion of AD is made up by government expenditure?

A

25%

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6
Q

What proportion of AD is made up by net trade?

A

Insignificant amount (around 1%)

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7
Q

What is the shape of the AD curve?

A

Downwards sloping.

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8
Q

What causes movement along the AD curve?

A

Change in price level.

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9
Q

What causes a shift in AD?

A

When any of C+I+G+(X-M) change.

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10
Q

What is consumption?

A

Spending by households on goods and services.

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11
Q

What 4 factors that influence consumption?

A

Disposable income - more disposable income, more consumption.

Interest rates - if interest rates fall, so does the cost of borrowing and therefore there is more of an incentive to consume.

Consumer confidence - if households feel secure in their jobs and about their futures then they are more likely to consume.

Wealth effects - as for example large assets like houses rise in value, individuals feel wealthier and are therefore more likely to spend.

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12
Q

What is investment?

A

An increase in capital stock.

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13
Q

What is gross investment?

A

Net investment + depreciation

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14
Q

What is net investment?

A

Gross investment - depreciation

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15
Q

What 4 factors that influence investment?

A

Rate of economic growth - when economic growth is high firms need to invest in capital to cope with demand.

Business confidence - if firms feel secure in their future they are more likely to invest.

Interest rates - when rates fall it is cheaper for firms to invest in capital therefore increasing incentive to do so.

Government - policy may lead to changes in taxation for firms. If, for example, corporation tax is cut, then firms are more likely to spend on capital.

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16
Q

What is corporation tax?

A

A tax on firms’ profits.

17
Q

What 2 factors that influence government expenditure?

A

Trade cycle - government spending will change depending on where an economy is along the trade cycle. When in a recession, government expenditure automatically increases due to greater spending on state benefits.

Fiscal policy - government can use taxation and expenditure to influence economic activity.

18
Q

What are 4 factors that influence net trade?

A

Real incomes - when incomes rise there are more imports than exports occurring. There is also less incentive for firms to sell abroad so they sell domestically.

Exchange rate - when the pound is relatively strong, imports become more appealing and exports to other countries are less appealing as they cost more.

State of world economy - exports are heavily impacted by economic growth rates in other countries.

Non-price factors - demand for imports and exports may be impacted by factors such as: quality, reliability and transport costs.