2.2 Flashcards
Id
Instinctive “animal” part of mind- selfish, pleasure-seeking
Superego
Conscience or moral part of mind- acting against its lead to guilt and anxiety
Ego
Referees the urge of id and superego. Tries to satisfy the id’s urges in socially acceptable way
Weak superego
Less guilt feelings and more likely to act on id’s urges
Harsh superego
Craves punishment to release guilty feelings
Deviant superego
Successful socialisation but into deviant moral code
Primary Carer
The main person who looks after the child
Attachment
Describe the relationship between child and primary carer
Affectionless psychopathy
Inability to form meaningful relationships as a result of broken attachments before the age of 5
Socialisation
Process of learning norms values
Extraversion
An outgoing, sociable, excitement-seeking, impulsive, aggressive personality
Introvert
A reserved, inward-looking, serious, pessimistic, self-controlled personality
Neurotic
Anxious, moody, depressed, prone to over-reacting
Emotionally stable
Calm, even-tempered, controlled, unworried
Conditioning
Learning through experience to seek pleasure (reward) and avoid pain (punishment)
Genetic inheritance
Some individuals are born with a nervous system that causes them to develop a criminal personality
Psychoticism
Having a personality that is cruel, insensitive, aggressive and lacking in empathy
Correlation
Relationship between two variables- not cause and effect
Validity
How true a test is- does it actually measure what it sets out to measure?
Imitation
We acquire criminal skills through observing those around us
Learned attitudes
Socialism within group teaches
Behaviourism
The idea that rewards and punishments shape our behaviour - even criminality
Positive Reinforcement
Behaviour is strengthened by a positive outcome (reward)
Negative Reinforcement
Behaviour is strengthened by removing an undesirable outcome
Punishment
Behaviour is stopped by an undesirable outcome.
Determinism
The idea that our behaviour is caused by an external force outside of our control - we have no free will.
Models
People whose behaviour we imitate.
Cognitive theory
Thinking /mental processes such as attitudes, beliefs, reasoning, decision-making, self-concept and how we interpret the world around us.
CBT
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy - treatment to ‘correct’ faulty thinking patterns.
PICTS
Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles - a questionnaire aimed at revealing criminal thought patterns
Representative
If the results of a study can be generalised to the whole population.
Attrition Rate
The number of participants who drop out of a study
