2.1

Question 1

Atavism

Answer 1

The idea that criminals are “throwbacks” to more primitive stage of evolution

Question 2

Endomorph

Answer 2

Rounded, soft bodied, lacking muscle
Sociable, relaxed, outgoing

Question 3

Ectomorph

Answer 3

Thin, fragile, lacking fat and muscle. Flat chested, narrow hips and shoulders, thin face.
Self-conscious, emotionally restrained, thoughtful

Question 4

Mesomorph

Answer 4

Muscular, hard-bodied, little fat, strong limbs, broad shoulders, narrow waist.
Adventurous, sensation-seeking, assertive, domineering

Question 5

Physiological theories

Answer 5

These biological theories claim the physical features of criminals differ from non-criminals

Question 6

Biological theories

Answer 6

Criminals are biologically different from non-criminals and this is different causes them to commit crime

Question 7

Genetic explanation

Answer 7

Criminality is the result of genes inherited from biological parents

Question 8

Monozygotic

Answer 8

Identical twins which share 100% of their genes

Question 9

Dizygotic

Answer 9

Non-identical twins which only share half the same genes

Question 10

Environmental explanations

Answer 10

Criminality is the result of the surroundings a child grows up in

Question 11

Chromosome

Answer 11

Made from DNA and proteins. Carry genetic information we inherit from our parents. Most have 23 pairs

Question 12

Super-male

Answer 12

Another term for XYY syndrome. Those affected have an extra Y chromosome

Question 13

EEG

Answer 13

measures brain activity

Question 14

Testosterone

Answer 14

Male sex hormone linked to aggression, murder and rape

Question 15

PMT (pre-menstrual tension)

Answer 15

Fluctuating in female sex hormones

Question 16

PND (post-natal depression)

Answer 16

used in defence in infancide

Question 17

Lactation

Answer 17

Used as defence in females crimes

Question 18

Hypoglycaemia

Answer 18

(low bood sugar) Linked to aggression and alcohol abuse

Question 19

Twin Studies- Prison

Answer 19

Johannes Lange (1929)- Concordance rate higher in MZ twins. 10/13 MZ showed concordance vs 2/17 DZ.

Question 20

Adoption study

Answer 20

Crowe (1972)- Compared adopted children whose biological mother had a criminal record vs a control group and found that 50% of group A had gone on to have a criminal record by 18 vs the control group at 5%

Question 21

Lombroso’s theory

Answer 21

Criminals had atavistic features. Criminals have specific physical features

Question 22

Lombroso’s Study

Answer 22

Out of 4000 offenders, 40% had atavistic features

Question 23

Who looked at body types?

Answer 23

Sheldon

Question 24

What are the 2 ways brains can be considered abnormal

Answer 24

Brain injury + brain disease

Question 25

Phinease Gage

Answer 25

Metal pole entered his face through his cheek and out of the top of his head. Pole went through his pre-frontal cortex. This changed his personality from calm and polite to impulsive and reckless.

Question 26

Raine

Answer 26

PET scans to study the living brains of impulsive killers. Damage was found in the pre-frontal cortex in the brains of criminals, the part of the brain that controls impulsive behaviour