21st Century Flashcards
Social Class
Social mobility can be defined as:
Social class and participation: (1)
Social class and sport: (2)
The class system at this time is less pronounced than pre and post-industrial Britain, with more classifications. There are now more divisions between middle and lower classes
Social mobility can be defined as:
The changes in wealth education & occupation in a person’s lifetime eg. Neymar
Social class and participation:
The rate of participation is greater amongst people from a higher socio-economic group compared to people from manual and unemployed socio-economic groups
Social class and sport:
- Sport is still associated with those from a certain social class however it is not as defined as it was in the 20th Century
- Football is now far more mixed
Gender
Males vs females?
Society?
- More males get involved with sport whether it be through participation or spectating than females.
- Some in society still hold the view that being good and interested in sport is ‘unfeminine’ along with the perception that some sports are either male or female orientated.
Law and order
Now?
More and more…?
Duty of care is?
To succeed in a negligence case you have to prove the following: (3)
Example of a successful claim?
- Law and order is now more specific and sophisticated when it comes to sport; as there are now several laws which deal with safety, performers and spectators.
- More and more litigation is taking place in regards to negligence and injury suffered in sport. Every sports performer and spectator are owed a duty of care from their follow athletes, officials and clubs.
Duty of care is:
a moral or legal obligation to ensure the safety or well-being of others
To succeed in a negligence case you have to prove the following:
- That he was owed a duty of care
- That that duty of care was breached
- The damage suffered was caused by that breach
Example of a successful claim:
Vowles vs Evans - Claimant was confined to a wheelchair after a neck injury playing rugby and referee was considered liable for the injury
Equality Act 2010
Laws are in place to prevent discrimination across all areas of life including sport. The equality laws of 2010 cover six area:
What did it mean?
Example to before the act?
- Age
- Disability
- Race
- Religion or belief
- Sex
- Gender reassignment
- The introduction of such laws has meant that some clubs and sports have had to change their procedures to ensure that they are not discriminating against.
- Prior to 2010, many golf clubs were seen to treat women golfers differently whether this be access to membership, teeing off time, and the bars in the club houses they could have access to.
Spectators and the law
Fans of sports such as football, can be banned from attending matches both at home and abroad. They were introduced to stop known hooligans from causing trouble. They can last from 3-10 years and the orders are specific to each case. A banning order can include: (4)
- Using public transport
- Visiting town cities
- Visiting pubs and bans during risk periods
- Set distances from football grounds
Other legal issues facing sport in the 21st Century include: (3)
- The misuse of drugs
- The misconduct on & off the field
- Matchfixing
Education
There has only really been small changes in the education system from the 20th Century; this has mainly been…
- …the demise of the grammar school (seen as an elitist system).
- Schools have turned into Academy’s which allow for greater autonomy on what can be taught and the structure of the day etc.
Availability of time, money and transport
Globalisation (definition)
Changes (6)
Process that involves sport as a worldwide product and features corporate brands, media coverage and freedom of movement of sport participants officials and spectators
- More time due to technological advancements mean people have more time.
- Working conditions are also more flexible – allowing greater opportunity
- Global recession has meant that people’s disposable income has been affected – this has led to the fall in the accessibility of some sporting activities.
- Availability of transport has increased during the 21st Century, with most households owning at least one car.
- Participants are more willing to use a range of transport to attend sporting activities.
- Cheap air fares have contributed to more travel abroad to compete or spectate.
What has contributed to the globalisation of football and significantly the players themselves? (6)
- National and international laws enable the freedom of movement of individuals, especially in the EU.
- Sports performers can command high wages and clubs are willing to pay for them.
- Financial incentives for clubs and players
- Better, faster, affordable transport
- Improved technology and media raises the awareness of potential premier league players
- Global tours and competitions
Media coverage and sport
Media, television companies in particular took the opportunity to use sport as a commercial tool at the start of the 21st Century and combined it with sponsorship. This created a term called the ‘golden triangle’; this can be defined as:
What was it further boosted by?
Who has benefitted from it?
Golden Triangle:
The interdependence and influences of the three factors of sport, sponsorship and media
- This was further boosted in the late 20th and early 21st centuries of satellite TV companies such as SKY: who are willing to pay enormous sums of money for the rights to sports such as Premier league football.
- It is not only leagues that have benefitted from the increase in media coverage sports performers have also seen a growth in their wages as well as sponsorship opportunities.
Other impacts of the media on sport include: (3)
- Rules of sport have been influenced by the media, as well as revised event programming because of the needs of the television companies
- Olympic games events are often scheduled at unsuitable times because of the demands of television companies beaming them around the world
- Video replay analysis, TMO etc
