2.1.6 Specialised Cells And Tissues

Question 1

Adaptations of red blood cells?

Answer 1

Biconcave disc shape- bigger surface area to absorb more oxygen
No nucleus / other organelles- more space within the cell for haemoglobin
Small + flexible- can squeeze through small spaces / capillaries

Question 2

Adaptations of sperm cells?

Answer 2

Acrosome- enzymes to enter the egg
Streamline shape- movement
Mitochondria- to provide energy for movement
Flagella- movement

Question 3

Neutrophil (specialised white blood cell) adaptions

Answer 3

Multilobed nucleus- cells can squeeze through small gaps to access site of infection
Lysosomes- contain hydrolytic enzymes to digest pathogens

Question 4

Palisade cell adaptions?

Answer 4

Chloroplasts- photosynthesis

Question 5

Guard cell adaptions?

Answer 5

Large vacuole- water to move in and out by osmosis (open + close stomata)

Question 6

Root hair cell adaptions?

Answer 6

Mitochondria- active transport
Hair-like projections- increase surface area for osmosis
Mineral ions in cytoplasm- lower water potential so water moves into the root by osmosis

Question 7

Squamous epithelium adaptions?

Answer 7

Thin- allows molecules to move rapidly in and out by diffusion

Question 8

Ciliated epithelium adaptions?

Answer 8

Goblet cells- produce mucus to trap debris from air
Cilia cells- waft mucus to back of throat, away from lungs

Question 9

Muscle tissue adaptations?

Answer 9

Actin and myosin- allow muscles to shorten when they contract

Question 10

Epidermal layer adaptions?

Answer 10

Epithelial cells + guard cells- to open and close stomata, allow gases to enter and exit

Question 11

Xylem adaptions?

Answer 11

Lignin- waterproof cell walls + form a waterproof tube, transport water around the plant

Question 12

Phloem adaptions?

Answer 12

Sieve tube element- transports molecules around cell
Companion cells- make proteins, synthesis ATP