216 exam #2 Flashcards
What fraction of total body water is extracellular fluid (ECF)?
1/3
What fraction of total body water is intracellular fluid (ICF)?
2/3
What percent of body weight does intracellular fluid make up?
About 40%
What is the most common ion in intracellular fluid?
Potassium
Where is interstitial fluid (ISF) located?
Between vessels & cells
What fraction of ECF is interstitial
Fluid?
2/3
What fraction of ECF is intravascular space fluid?
1/3
What is hydrostatic pressure?
Force of fluid pressure in bloodstream
What is osmotic pressure?
Pressure by solutes in solution
What is on oncotic pressure?
Pressure due to albumin in blood
Which type of pressure is referred as to “pushing pressure”?
Hydrostatic pressure
Which type of pressure is referred as to “pulling pressure”?
Osmotic pressure
Which type of pressure is referred as to “colloid pressure”?
Oncotic pressure
What is hypovolemia?
- Low blood volume (dehydration)
- RAAS is activated
Which type of fluid is in plasma (RBCs, electrolytes, proteins)?
Intravascular space
What is osmotic pressure?
Pressure by solutes in solution
What is oncotic pressure?
Pressure due to albumin in blood
What is the appropriate range for sodium?
135-145 mEq/L
What is the appropriate range potassium?
3.5-5.2 mEq/L
What is the appropriate range for calcium?
8.7-10 mg/dl
Which electrolyte is most abundant in ECF?
What does this electrolyte determine about ECF?
Sodium: primary determinant of ECF’s osmolarity & volume
What are the four functions of sodium in ECF?
- Distribution of water
- Helps maintain normal fluid balance
- Contributes to osmotic pressure
- Maintain electrical gradient of neutral membranes
Patients w/ renal disease may have elevated levels of which electrolyte? Why?
Phosphorus- it is excreted by the kidneys
Which electrolyte is most abundant in ICF?
Potassium
Which five processes involve potassium?
- Conduction of nerve impulses in skeletal, cardiac, & smooth muscle
- Acid-base balance
- Synthesis of ATP
- Osmotic balance
- kidney’s ability to concentrate urine
What are calcium’s three primary functions?
- Formation and function of bones & teeth
- Normal clotting
- Regulation of neuromuscular irritability
What controls calcium levels?
Parathyroid
What regulates phosphorus and where is it secreted?
Regulation: parathyroid
Excretion: kidneys
Which two electrolytes have a reciprocal relationship?
What is a reciprocal relationship?
Calcium & phosphorus
When one level is high, the other level is low
Which electrolyte has an interactive relationship w/ other electrolytes?
Magnesium
High levels of which electrolyte will lead to diminished neuromuscular function?
Magnesium
Define hyponatremia
Low sodium
What are the 8 signs & symptoms of hyponatremia?
- Headache
- Lethargy
- Apathy
- Confusion
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Muscle cramps
- Muscle spasms
Define hypernatremia
High sodium levels
What are the four signs & symptoms of hypernatremia?
- Confusion
- Seizures
- Coma
- Cerebral edema
Define hypokalemia
Low potassium
What are the eight signs & symptoms of hypokalemia?
- anorexia
- nausea
- vomiting
- sluggish bowels
- cardiac arrhythmias
- postural hypotension
- muscle fatigue
- weakness
Define hyperkalemia
High potassium levels
What are the five signs & symptoms of hyperkalemia?
- numbness and/or tingling extremities
- muscle cramps
- diarrhea
- apathy
- mental confusion
Define hypocalcemia
Low calcium levels
What are the 7 signs & symptoms of hypocalcemia?
- muscle spasms
- laryngeal spams
- seizures
- hypotension
- arrhythmia
- chvostek sign
- trousseau’s signs
Define hypercalcenia
High calcium levels
What are the five signs & symptoms of hypercalcemia?
- decreased neuromuscular excitability
- muscle flaccidity
- proximal muscle weakness of lower extremities
- bone tenderness
- renal stones
While alterations in pH disrupt overall body functions, which structure is especially impacted?
Protein
