203 Test #3 Flashcards
List the three layers of the heart from innermost to outermost
Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
What is the middle, muscle layer of the heart called?
Myocardium
What is the fluid-filled sac surrounding the heart called?
Pericardium
What are the four chambers of the heart?
- R Ventricle
- L Ventrice
- R Atria
- L Atria
The right atria receive ____ blood from the ____
deoxygenated; SVC & IVC
The left atria receives ____ blood from the ____
oxygenated; lungs
The right ventricle receives blood from the ____ atria and pumps ____ blood to the ____
right; deoxygenated; lungs
The left ventricle receives blood from the ____ atria and pumps blood to the ____
oxygenated; aorta
What are the two categories of heart valves?
- Atrioventricular
- Semilunar
Atrioventricular heart valves:
____ (right)
____ (left)
Tricuspid; mitral/bicuspid
Semilunar heart valves:
____ & ____
Pulmonic; aortic
What is the general purpose of heart valves?
To ensure blood moves in one direction
What marks the beginning of a full cardiac cycle and what marks the end of the full cardiac cycles?
Start: Start of one heartbeat
End: Start of the next heartbeat
Systole: Ventricles ____ causing blood to do what?
contract; pump out of the heart
Diastole: Heart muscles ____ causing blood to do what?
relax; fill up the heart
Define cardiac output
The quantity of blood pumped out by the out during a one minute period
What is considered to be “normal” cardiac output?
Heart pumps about 6L of blood per minute
What are the four components of the heart’s conduction system?
- Sinoatrial node (SA node)
- Atrioventricular node (AV node)
- Bundle of His
- Purkinje fibers
Which component of the heart’s conduction system is considered to be the pacemaker of the heart? Why?
Sinoatrial node (SA node): Stimulates the heart to beat at a normal rhythm
The SA node is expected to make the heart beat ____ - ____ times per minute
60; 100
If the sinoatrial node (SA node) is damaged, which component of the conduction system takes over? How many BPM are expected if this occurs?
Atrioventricular node (AV node); <60 BPM
S1: “____” sound caused by ____ closing
lub; AV valves
S2: “____” sounds caused by ____ closing
dub; semilunar valves
S3: “____” sound
Kentucky
S4: “____” sound
Tennessee
Which abnormal heart sound does the following describe:
- Heard directly after S2 sound
- Faint, low-pitched
S3
Which abnormal heart sound does the following describe:
- Heard directly before S1 sound
- Soft, low-pitched
S4
Review #2 on study guide
What are the six categories of objective findings relating to the cardiac system?
- Listening for S1 & S2
- Are vital signs WDL?
- Chest symmetry (map the thorax)
- Auscultation of the 5 heart sounds
- Check for edema
- Check for color changes (ex. cyanosis/pallor)
Auscultating the 5 heart sounds:
Aortic: ____ intercostal space to the ____ of the sternal border
second; right
Auscultating the 5 heart sounds:
Pulmonic: ____ intercostal space to the ____ of the sternal border
second; left
Auscultating the 5 heart sounds:
Erb’s point: ____ intercostal space to the ____ of the sternal border
third; left
Auscultating the 5 heart sounds:
Tricuspid: ____ intercostal space to the ____ of the sternal border
fourth; left
Auscultating the 5 heart sounds:
Mitral: ____ intercostal space to the ____ of the sternal border
fifth; left
Where is the apical pulse heard during auscultation of the 5 heart sounds?
Mitral
What is cyanosis/pallor?
____-density lipoprotein is considered to be “bad cholesterol” which ____-density lipoprotein is considered to be “good cholesterol”
Low; high
LDL levels should be below ____ or the blood will likely ____
100; thicken
LDL takes cholesterol from the ____ to the ____
liver; walls of vessels
HDL needs to be above ____
60
What is considered to be a “normal” triglyceride level?
Below 150
What is considered to be a good total cholesterol level?
Below 200
____ is an enzyme that ____ about 4-6 hours following cardiac tissue damage
Creatine kinase- MB; increases
____ are proteins that are released when the heart is damaged or with ____
Troponin; ischemia
How long does it take for troponin to be detectable?
3-4 hours
How long does troponin stay detectable following the onset of symptoms?
Up to 7 days
Which five conditions are diagnosed using an electrocardiogram diagnostic test?
- Atherosclerosis
- CFJ
- Aneurysm
- Enlarged heart
- Shunting of blood
Review #6 on the study guide!
Veins carry ____ blood ____ the heart with the exception of which vein?
deoxygenated; back to
pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood
Arteries carry ____ blood ____ the heart
oxygenated away from
What are arterioles responsible for and how do they fulfill their purpose?
Maintaining arterial pressure and perfusion by increasing and decreasing vessel diameter
Which vessels in the body are smallest?
Capillaries
Capillaries deliver ____ blood to ____
oxygenated; delicate tissues
Review #9 on the study guide!
What objective finding describe a grade 1+ edema?
2mm, disappears rapidly, slight pitting
What objective finding describe a grade 2+ edema?
4 mm, disappears in 10-15 sec, pitting is deeper
What objective finding describe a grade 3+ edema?
6mm, takes more than one minute to disappear
What objective finding describe a grade 4+ edema?
8mm, disappears in 2-3 minutes
Which areas of the body should be checked for edema?
Both arms and both legs
What does it mean for a pulse to be graded as 0?
Pulse is absent
What does it mean for a pulse to be +1?
Pulse is weak and thready
What does it mean for a pulse to be +2?
Pulse is normal
What does it mean for a pulse to be +3?
Pulse is increased
What does it mean for a pulse to be 0?
Pulse is absent
Both carotid arteries should be checked one at a time at the ____
sternocleidomastoid
Where is the radial pulse felt?
Wrist
Where is the brachial pulse felt?
Medical side at the antecubital fossa
Where is the femoral pulse felt?
Groin
Where is the popliteal pulse located?
Popliteal fossa
Where is the dorsalis pedis pulse felt?
Top of the foot between the first and second toes
Where is the posterior tibial pulse felt?
Between the medial malleolus and the achilles tendon
Define ischemia
Inadequate blood supply to a certain area of the body
What are the six objective findings of tissue ischemia?
- Pallor
- Changes in skin color
- Cool temperature
- Hair loss
- Shiny, smooth skin
- Non-healing wounds or ulcers
Define pallor
Unhealthy, pale appearance
When assessing the jugular vein, the patient should be seated at a ____ to ____ degree angle
30; 45
Proper capillary refill occurs in less than ____ seconds
2
Start at 10f
