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203: Health Assessment > 203 Test #3 > Flashcards

203 Test #3 Flashcards

1
Q

List the three layers of the heart from innermost to outermost

A

Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

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2
Q

What is the middle, muscle layer of the heart called?

A

Myocardium

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3
Q

What is the fluid-filled sac surrounding the heart called?

A

Pericardium

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4
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A
  • R Ventricle
  • L Ventrice
  • R Atria
  • L Atria
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5
Q

The right atria receive ____ blood from the ____

A

deoxygenated; SVC & IVC

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6
Q

The left atria receives ____ blood from the ____

A

oxygenated; lungs

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7
Q

The right ventricle receives blood from the ____ atria and pumps ____ blood to the ____

A

right; deoxygenated; lungs

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8
Q

The left ventricle receives blood from the ____ atria and pumps blood to the ____

A

oxygenated; aorta

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9
Q

What are the two categories of heart valves?

A
  • Atrioventricular
  • Semilunar
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10
Q

Atrioventricular heart valves:
____ (right)
____ (left)

A

Tricuspid; mitral/bicuspid

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11
Q

Semilunar heart valves:
____ & ____

A

Pulmonic; aortic

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12
Q

What is the general purpose of heart valves?

A

To ensure blood moves in one direction

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13
Q

What marks the beginning of a full cardiac cycle and what marks the end of the full cardiac cycles?

A

Start: Start of one heartbeat
End: Start of the next heartbeat

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14
Q

Systole: Ventricles ____ causing blood to do what?

A

contract; pump out of the heart

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15
Q

Diastole: Heart muscles ____ causing blood to do what?

A

relax; fill up the heart

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16
Q

Define cardiac output

A

The quantity of blood pumped out by the out during a one minute period

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17
Q

What is considered to be “normal” cardiac output?

A

Heart pumps about 6L of blood per minute

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18
Q

What are the four components of the heart’s conduction system?

A
  • Sinoatrial node (SA node)
  • Atrioventricular node (AV node)
  • Bundle of His
  • Purkinje fibers
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19
Q

Which component of the heart’s conduction system is considered to be the pacemaker of the heart? Why?

A

Sinoatrial node (SA node): Stimulates the heart to beat at a normal rhythm

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20
Q

The SA node is expected to make the heart beat ____ - ____ times per minute

A

60; 100

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21
Q

If the sinoatrial node (SA node) is damaged, which component of the conduction system takes over? How many BPM are expected if this occurs?

A

Atrioventricular node (AV node); <60 BPM

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22
Q

S1: “____” sound caused by ____ closing

A

lub; AV valves

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23
Q

S2: “____” sounds caused by ____ closing

A

dub; semilunar valves

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24
Q

S3: “____” sound

A

Kentucky

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25
Q

S4: “____” sound

A

Tennessee

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26
Q

Which abnormal heart sound does the following describe:
- Heard directly after S2 sound
- Faint, low-pitched

A

S3

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27
Q

Which abnormal heart sound does the following describe:
- Heard directly before S1 sound
- Soft, low-pitched

A

S4

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28
Q

Review #2 on study guide

A
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29
Q

What are the six categories of objective findings relating to the cardiac system?

A
  1. Listening for S1 & S2
  2. Are vital signs WDL?
  3. Chest symmetry (map the thorax)
  4. Auscultation of the 5 heart sounds
  5. Check for edema
  6. Check for color changes (ex. cyanosis/pallor)
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30
Q

Auscultating the 5 heart sounds:
Aortic: ____ intercostal space to the ____ of the sternal border

A

second; right

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31
Q

Auscultating the 5 heart sounds:
Pulmonic: ____ intercostal space to the ____ of the sternal border

A

second; left

32
Q

Auscultating the 5 heart sounds:
Erb’s point: ____ intercostal space to the ____ of the sternal border

A

third; left

33
Q

Auscultating the 5 heart sounds:
Tricuspid: ____ intercostal space to the ____ of the sternal border

A

fourth; left

34
Q

Auscultating the 5 heart sounds:
Mitral: ____ intercostal space to the ____ of the sternal border

A

fifth; left

35
Q

Where is the apical pulse heard during auscultation of the 5 heart sounds?

A

Mitral

36
Q

What is cyanosis/pallor?

A
37
Q

____-density lipoprotein is considered to be “bad cholesterol” which ____-density lipoprotein is considered to be “good cholesterol”

A

Low; high

38
Q

LDL levels should be below ____ or the blood will likely ____

A

100; thicken

39
Q

LDL takes cholesterol from the ____ to the ____

A

liver; walls of vessels

40
Q

HDL needs to be above ____

A

60

41
Q

What is considered to be a “normal” triglyceride level?

A

Below 150

42
Q

What is considered to be a good total cholesterol level?

A

Below 200

43
Q

____ is an enzyme that ____ about 4-6 hours following cardiac tissue damage

A

Creatine kinase- MB; increases

44
Q

____ are proteins that are released when the heart is damaged or with ____

A

Troponin; ischemia

45
Q

How long does it take for troponin to be detectable?

A

3-4 hours

46
Q

How long does troponin stay detectable following the onset of symptoms?

A

Up to 7 days

47
Q

Which five conditions are diagnosed using an electrocardiogram diagnostic test?

A
  • Atherosclerosis
  • CFJ
  • Aneurysm
  • Enlarged heart
  • Shunting of blood
48
Q

Review #6 on the study guide!

A
49
Q

Veins carry ____ blood ____ the heart with the exception of which vein?

A

deoxygenated; back to

pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood

50
Q

Arteries carry ____ blood ____ the heart

A

oxygenated away from

51
Q

What are arterioles responsible for and how do they fulfill their purpose?

A

Maintaining arterial pressure and perfusion by increasing and decreasing vessel diameter

52
Q

Which vessels in the body are smallest?

A

Capillaries

53
Q

Capillaries deliver ____ blood to ____

A

oxygenated; delicate tissues

54
Q

Review #9 on the study guide!

A
55
Q

What objective finding describe a grade 1+ edema?

A

2mm, disappears rapidly, slight pitting

56
Q

What objective finding describe a grade 2+ edema?

A

4 mm, disappears in 10-15 sec, pitting is deeper

57
Q

What objective finding describe a grade 3+ edema?

A

6mm, takes more than one minute to disappear

58
Q

What objective finding describe a grade 4+ edema?

A

8mm, disappears in 2-3 minutes

59
Q

Which areas of the body should be checked for edema?

A

Both arms and both legs

60
Q

What does it mean for a pulse to be graded as 0?

A

Pulse is absent

61
Q

What does it mean for a pulse to be +1?

A

Pulse is weak and thready

62
Q

What does it mean for a pulse to be +2?

A

Pulse is normal

63
Q

What does it mean for a pulse to be +3?

A

Pulse is increased

64
Q

What does it mean for a pulse to be 0?

A

Pulse is absent

65
Q

Both carotid arteries should be checked one at a time at the ____

A

sternocleidomastoid

66
Q

Where is the radial pulse felt?

A

Wrist

67
Q

Where is the brachial pulse felt?

A

Medical side at the antecubital fossa

68
Q

Where is the femoral pulse felt?

A

Groin

69
Q

Where is the popliteal pulse located?

A

Popliteal fossa

70
Q

Where is the dorsalis pedis pulse felt?

A

Top of the foot between the first and second toes

71
Q

Where is the posterior tibial pulse felt?

A

Between the medial malleolus and the achilles tendon

72
Q

Define ischemia

A

Inadequate blood supply to a certain area of the body

73
Q

What are the six objective findings of tissue ischemia?

A
  • Pallor
  • Changes in skin color
  • Cool temperature
  • Hair loss
  • Shiny, smooth skin
  • Non-healing wounds or ulcers
74
Q

Define pallor

A

Unhealthy, pale appearance

75
Q

When assessing the jugular vein, the patient should be seated at a ____ to ____ degree angle

A

30; 45

76
Q

Proper capillary refill occurs in less than ____ seconds

A

2

77
Q

Start at 10f

A

203: Health Assessment (7 decks)

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